WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.750 --> 00:00:05.490 align:start position:0% [Applause] 00:00:05.490 --> 00:00:05.500 align:start position:0% 00:00:05.500 --> 00:00:19.100 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:00:19.100 --> 00:00:19.110 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:00:19.110 --> 00:00:21.750 align:start position:0% [Music] centuries<00:00:20.110> passed<00:00:20.410> as<00:00:20.740> Anderson<00:00:21.190> lay<00:00:21.340> buried 00:00:21.750 --> 00:00:21.760 align:start position:0% centuries passed as Anderson lay buried 00:00:21.760 --> 00:00:25.050 align:start position:0% centuries passed as Anderson lay buried under<00:00:22.060> a<00:00:22.090> mile<00:00:22.450> of<00:00:22.720> ice<00:00:23.430> the<00:00:24.430> landscape 00:00:25.050 --> 00:00:25.060 align:start position:0% under a mile of ice the landscape 00:00:25.060 --> 00:00:28.140 align:start position:0% under a mile of ice the landscape appeared<00:00:25.510> lifeless<00:00:26.050> the<00:00:26.550> only<00:00:27.550> sound<00:00:27.880> was<00:00:28.029> the 00:00:28.140 --> 00:00:28.150 align:start position:0% appeared lifeless the only sound was the 00:00:28.150 --> 00:00:39.260 align:start position:0% appeared lifeless the only sound was the wind<00:00:28.420> blowing<00:00:28.750> across<00:00:28.990> the<00:00:29.200> snow<00:00:29.680> and<00:00:29.710> ice 00:00:39.260 --> 00:00:39.270 align:start position:0% 00:00:39.270 --> 00:00:42.500 align:start position:0% then<00:00:39.870> the<00:00:40.080> earth<00:00:40.260> began<00:00:40.740> to<00:00:41.010> warm 00:00:42.500 --> 00:00:42.510 align:start position:0% then the earth began to warm 00:00:42.510 --> 00:00:50.369 align:start position:0% then the earth began to warm [Music] 00:00:50.369 --> 00:00:50.379 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:00:50.379 --> 00:00:53.759 align:start position:0% [Music] slowly<00:00:51.100> the<00:00:51.399> ice<00:00:51.550> began<00:00:52.059> to<00:00:52.120> melt<00:00:52.510> and<00:00:53.050> the 00:00:53.759 --> 00:00:53.769 align:start position:0% slowly the ice began to melt and the 00:00:53.769 --> 00:00:57.850 align:start position:0% slowly the ice began to melt and the glacier<00:00:54.219> retreated 00:00:57.850 --> 00:00:57.860 align:start position:0% 00:00:57.860 --> 00:01:05.180 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:01:05.180 --> 00:01:05.190 align:start position:0% 00:01:05.190 --> 00:01:08.340 align:start position:0% modern<00:01:06.190> river<00:01:06.430> channels<00:01:06.970> were<00:01:07.150> created<00:01:07.720> by 00:01:08.340 --> 00:01:08.350 align:start position:0% modern river channels were created by 00:01:08.350 --> 00:01:19.040 align:start position:0% modern river channels were created by the<00:01:08.410> melt<00:01:08.770> off<00:01:09.010> the<00:01:09.640> vast<00:01:09.940> Glacial<00:01:10.660> field 00:01:19.040 --> 00:01:19.050 align:start position:0% 00:01:19.050 --> 00:01:33.330 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:01:33.330 --> 00:01:33.340 align:start position:0% 00:01:33.340 --> 00:01:35.760 align:start position:0% the<00:01:33.880> newly<00:01:34.240> uncovered<00:01:34.390> land<00:01:35.020> revealed<00:01:35.530> the 00:01:35.760 --> 00:01:35.770 align:start position:0% the newly uncovered land revealed the 00:01:35.770 --> 00:01:37.950 align:start position:0% the newly uncovered land revealed the drastic<00:01:36.340> change<00:01:36.700> caused<00:01:37.119> by<00:01:37.450> the<00:01:37.509> immense 00:01:37.950 --> 00:01:37.960 align:start position:0% drastic change caused by the immense 00:01:37.960 --> 00:01:41.580 align:start position:0% drastic change caused by the immense power<00:01:38.229> of<00:01:38.380> the<00:01:38.649> glacier<00:01:39.810> the<00:01:40.810> terrain<00:01:41.200> was<00:01:41.439> no 00:01:41.580 --> 00:01:41.590 align:start position:0% power of the glacier the terrain was no 00:01:41.590 --> 00:01:45.990 align:start position:0% power of the glacier the terrain was no longer<00:01:41.829> hilly<00:01:42.189> but<00:01:42.880> flat<00:01:44.520> the<00:01:45.520> Anderson 00:01:45.990 --> 00:01:46.000 align:start position:0% longer hilly but flat the Anderson 00:01:46.000 --> 00:01:47.550 align:start position:0% longer hilly but flat the Anderson Valley<00:01:46.180> was<00:01:46.450> filled<00:01:46.750> in<00:01:46.960> with<00:01:47.200> immeasurable 00:01:47.550 --> 00:01:47.560 align:start position:0% Valley was filled in with immeasurable 00:01:47.560 --> 00:01:52.469 align:start position:0% Valley was filled in with immeasurable tons<00:01:48.250> of<00:01:48.579> debris<00:01:50.549> primitive<00:01:51.549> grasses<00:01:52.060> began 00:01:52.469 --> 00:01:52.479 align:start position:0% tons of debris primitive grasses began 00:01:52.479 --> 00:02:00.510 align:start position:0% tons of debris primitive grasses began to<00:01:52.630> grow<00:01:52.869> in<00:01:53.080> a<00:01:53.140> boggy<00:01:53.470> environment 00:02:00.510 --> 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align:start position:0% twelve thousand years ago astound<00:02:37.420> the<00:02:37.599> imagination 00:02:38.630 --> 00:02:38.640 align:start position:0% astound the imagination 00:02:38.640 --> 00:02:53.090 align:start position:0% astound the imagination [Music] 00:02:53.090 --> 00:02:53.100 align:start position:0% 00:02:53.100 --> 00:02:56.760 align:start position:0% some<00:02:54.100> seem<00:02:54.460> familiar<00:02:54.730> that<00:02:55.690> existed<00:02:56.200> in<00:02:56.319> forms 00:02:56.760 --> 00:02:56.770 align:start position:0% some seem familiar that existed in forms 00:02:56.770 --> 00:03:28.350 align:start position:0% some seem familiar that existed in forms utterly<00:02:57.190> alien<00:02:57.550> today<00:03:27.000> the<00:03:28.000> woolly<00:03:28.239> mammoth 00:03:28.350 --> 00:03:28.360 align:start position:0% utterly alien today the woolly mammoth 00:03:28.360 --> 00:03:30.810 align:start position:0% utterly alien today the woolly mammoth is<00:03:28.840> perhaps<00:03:29.080> the<00:03:29.530> most<00:03:29.560> recognized<00:03:30.400> of<00:03:30.700> the 00:03:30.810 --> 00:03:30.820 align:start position:0% is perhaps the most recognized of the 00:03:30.820 --> 00:03:35.400 align:start position:0% is perhaps the most recognized of the Ice<00:03:30.970> Age<00:03:31.239> megafauna<00:03:33.390> it<00:03:34.390> stood<00:03:34.780> nine<00:03:35.140> to 00:03:35.400 --> 00:03:35.410 align:start position:0% Ice Age megafauna it stood nine to 00:03:35.410 --> 00:03:37.259 align:start position:0% Ice Age megafauna it stood nine to eleven<00:03:35.769> feet<00:03:35.950> tall<00:03:36.310> at<00:03:36.519> the<00:03:36.550> shoulder<00:03:37.090> and 00:03:37.259 --> 00:03:37.269 align:start position:0% eleven feet tall at the shoulder and 00:03:37.269 --> 00:03:40.130 align:start position:0% eleven feet tall at the shoulder and weighed<00:03:37.720> up<00:03:37.750> to<00:03:38.110> six<00:03:38.380> and<00:03:38.560> a<00:03:38.620> half<00:03:38.650> tonnes<00:03:39.190> the 00:03:40.130 --> 00:03:40.140 align:start position:0% weighed up to six and a half tonnes the 00:03:40.140 --> 00:03:42.570 align:start position:0% weighed up to six and a half tonnes the woolly<00:03:41.140> mammoth<00:03:41.290> acquired<00:03:41.920> its<00:03:42.130> name<00:03:42.340> from 00:03:42.570 --> 00:03:42.580 align:start position:0% woolly mammoth acquired its name from 00:03:42.580 --> 00:03:44.520 align:start position:0% woolly mammoth acquired its name from the<00:03:42.730> course<00:03:43.030> long<00:03:43.480> hair<00:03:43.870> that<00:03:44.110> covered<00:03:44.410> its 00:03:44.520 --> 00:03:44.530 align:start position:0% the course long hair that covered its 00:03:44.530 --> 00:03:48.300 align:start position:0% the course long hair that covered its frame<00:03:45.180> it<00:03:46.180> had<00:03:46.390> long<00:03:46.660> curved<00:03:47.080> tusks<00:03:47.650> used<00:03:47.980> for 00:03:48.300 --> 00:03:48.310 align:start position:0% frame it had long curved tusks used for 00:03:48.310 --> 00:03:51.509 align:start position:0% frame it had long curved tusks used for foraging<00:03:48.880> in<00:03:49.030> defense<00:03:49.769> the<00:03:50.769> mammoths<00:03:51.100> fed<00:03:51.370> on 00:03:51.509 --> 00:03:51.519 align:start position:0% foraging in defense the mammoths fed on 00:03:51.519 --> 00:03:55.310 align:start position:0% foraging in defense the mammoths fed on grasses<00:03:52.060> and<00:03:52.239> flowering<00:03:52.810> plants 00:03:55.310 --> 00:03:55.320 align:start position:0% grasses and flowering plants 00:03:55.320 --> 00:04:01.410 align:start position:0% grasses and flowering plants [Music] 00:04:01.410 --> 00:04:01.420 align:start position:0% 00:04:01.420 --> 00:04:03.970 align:start position:0% the<00:04:02.420> woolly<00:04:02.629> mammoth<00:04:02.750> disappeared<00:04:03.739> from 00:04:03.970 --> 00:04:03.980 align:start position:0% the woolly mammoth disappeared from 00:04:03.980 --> 00:04:12.160 align:start position:0% the woolly mammoth disappeared from Anderson<00:04:04.459> around<00:04:04.760> 10,000<00:04:05.599> years<00:04:05.629> ago 00:04:12.160 --> 00:04:12.170 align:start position:0% 00:04:12.170 --> 00:04:14.750 align:start position:0% another<00:04:13.170> elephant<00:04:13.710> like<00:04:13.890> megafauna<00:04:14.490> that 00:04:14.750 --> 00:04:14.760 align:start position:0% another elephant like megafauna that 00:04:14.760 --> 00:04:16.670 align:start position:0% another elephant like megafauna that thrived<00:04:15.090> in<00:04:15.300> Anderson<00:04:15.780> was<00:04:15.990> the<00:04:16.200> American 00:04:16.670 --> 00:04:16.680 align:start position:0% thrived in Anderson was the American 00:04:16.680 --> 00:04:19.550 align:start position:0% thrived in Anderson was the American Mastodon<00:04:17.390> the<00:04:18.390> Mastodon<00:04:18.930> was<00:04:19.140> similar<00:04:19.530> in 00:04:19.550 --> 00:04:19.560 align:start position:0% Mastodon the Mastodon was similar in 00:04:19.560 --> 00:04:21.470 align:start position:0% Mastodon the Mastodon was similar in appearance<00:04:19.709> to<00:04:20.100> the<00:04:20.250> mammoths<00:04:20.670> but<00:04:21.330> had 00:04:21.470 --> 00:04:21.480 align:start position:0% appearance to the mammoths but had 00:04:21.480 --> 00:04:24.560 align:start position:0% appearance to the mammoths but had shorter<00:04:21.930> legs<00:04:22.200> and<00:04:22.560> a<00:04:22.620> longer<00:04:23.040> body<00:04:23.390> the<00:04:24.390> most 00:04:24.560 --> 00:04:24.570 align:start position:0% shorter legs and a longer body the most 00:04:24.570 --> 00:04:26.660 align:start position:0% shorter legs and a longer body the most abundant<00:04:24.930> Ice<00:04:25.290> Age<00:04:25.560> fossils<00:04:25.860> found<00:04:26.430> in 00:04:26.660 --> 00:04:26.670 align:start position:0% abundant Ice Age fossils found in 00:04:26.670 --> 00:04:29.690 align:start position:0% abundant Ice Age fossils found in Anderson<00:04:27.180> are<00:04:27.330> that<00:04:27.540> of<00:04:27.720> the<00:04:27.900> Mastodon<00:04:28.700> we 00:04:29.690 --> 00:04:29.700 align:start position:0% Anderson are that of the Mastodon we 00:04:29.700 --> 00:04:31.040 align:start position:0% Anderson are that of the Mastodon we consulted<00:04:30.210> with<00:04:30.360> Anderson<00:04:30.810> University 00:04:31.040 --> 00:04:31.050 align:start position:0% consulted with Anderson University 00:04:31.050 --> 00:04:34.370 align:start position:0% consulted with Anderson University professor<00:04:31.950> Dan<00:04:32.250> Eppolito<00:04:32.910> to<00:04:33.840> learn<00:04:34.080> more 00:04:34.370 --> 00:04:34.380 align:start position:0% professor Dan Eppolito to learn more 00:04:34.380 --> 00:04:38.180 align:start position:0% professor Dan Eppolito to learn more about<00:04:34.560> the<00:04:34.890> American<00:04:35.370> Mastodon<00:04:36.950> so<00:04:37.950> that's 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have been in here and if there 00:04:45.570 --> 00:04:47.990 align:start position:0% would have been in here and if there were<00:04:45.720> anything<00:04:46.110> like<00:04:46.530> modern<00:04:47.070> elephants<00:04:47.820> they 00:04:47.990 --> 00:04:48.000 align:start position:0% were anything like modern elephants they 00:04:48.000 --> 00:04:51.590 align:start position:0% were anything like modern elephants they had<00:04:48.330> a<00:04:48.570> limited<00:04:49.140> number<00:04:49.320> of<00:04:49.560> molars<00:04:50.600> basically 00:04:51.590 --> 00:04:51.600 align:start position:0% had a limited number of molars basically 00:04:51.600 --> 00:04:54.830 align:start position:0% had a limited number of molars basically six<00:04:52.050> of<00:04:52.350> them<00:04:52.730> and<00:04:53.730> after<00:04:54.180> those<00:04:54.420> would<00:04:54.750> have 00:04:54.830 --> 00:04:54.840 align:start position:0% six of them and after those would have 00:04:54.840 --> 00:05:01.490 align:start position:0% six of them and after those would have worn<00:04:55.110> down<00:04:56.300> they<00:04:57.300> would<00:04:57.750> die<00:05:00.050> so<00:05:01.050> here's<00:05:01.410> a 00:05:01.490 --> 00:05:01.500 align:start position:0% worn down they would die so here's a 00:05:01.500 --> 00:05:03.530 align:start position:0% worn down they would die so here's a cast<00:05:01.890> as<00:05:02.250> I<00:05:02.280> said<00:05:02.610> they<00:05:02.730> didn't<00:05:03.030> give<00:05:03.240> us<00:05:03.270> the 00:05:03.530 --> 00:05:03.540 align:start position:0% cast as I said they didn't give us the 00:05:03.540 --> 00:05:06.770 align:start position:0% cast as I said they didn't give us the real<00:05:03.720> one<00:05:04.430> one<00:05:05.430> of<00:05:05.550> the<00:05:05.670> interesting<00:05:06.270> things 00:05:06.770 --> 00:05:06.780 align:start position:0% real one one of the interesting things 00:05:06.780 --> 00:05:08.750 align:start position:0% real one one of the interesting things the<00:05:07.050> difference<00:05:07.560> between<00:05:07.740> mastodons<00:05:08.520> and 00:05:08.750 --> 00:05:08.760 align:start position:0% the difference between mastodons and 00:05:08.760 --> 00:05:11.120 align:start position:0% the difference between mastodons and mammoths<00:05:09.210> if<00:05:09.870> you<00:05:10.200> see<00:05:10.410> the<00:05:10.560> tooth<00:05:10.800> of<00:05:11.040> a 00:05:11.120 --> 00:05:11.130 align:start position:0% mammoths if you see the tooth of a 00:05:11.130 --> 00:05:14.000 align:start position:0% mammoths if you see the tooth of a mammoth<00:05:11.610> its<00:05:12.030> kind<00:05:12.419> of<00:05:12.510> flat<00:05:13.020> with<00:05:13.620> little 00:05:14.000 --> 00:05:14.010 align:start position:0% mammoth its kind of flat with little 00:05:14.010 --> 00:05:16.730 align:start position:0% mammoth its kind of flat with little enamel<00:05:14.610> ridges<00:05:15.180> and<00:05:15.480> we<00:05:15.690> think<00:05:15.960> that<00:05:16.020> mammoths 00:05:16.730 --> 00:05:16.740 align:start position:0% enamel ridges and we think that mammoths 00:05:16.740 --> 00:05:19.640 align:start position:0% enamel ridges and we think that mammoths grazed<00:05:17.100> on<00:05:17.340> grass<00:05:17.900> whereas<00:05:18.900> these<00:05:19.200> were 00:05:19.640 --> 00:05:19.650 align:start position:0% grazed on grass whereas these were 00:05:19.650 --> 00:05:22.670 align:start position:0% grazed on grass whereas these were browsers<00:05:20.250> on<00:05:20.430> shrubbery<00:05:20.910> and<00:05:21.300> then<00:05:21.840> when<00:05:22.410> this 00:05:22.670 --> 00:05:22.680 align:start position:0% browsers on shrubbery and then when this 00:05:22.680 --> 00:05:25.460 align:start position:0% browsers on shrubbery and then when this one<00:05:22.950> was<00:05:23.220> worn<00:05:23.550> out<00:05:23.730> the<00:05:24.330> one<00:05:24.570> behind<00:05:24.990> it<00:05:25.290> would 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align:start position:0% at least in modern elephants it does 00:05:32.490 --> 00:05:35.300 align:start position:0% at least in modern elephants it does and<00:05:32.630> usually<00:05:33.630> it's<00:05:34.020> dead<00:05:34.290> before<00:05:34.590> the<00:05:34.919> sixth 00:05:35.300 --> 00:05:35.310 align:start position:0% and usually it's dead before the sixth 00:05:35.310 --> 00:05:38.770 align:start position:0% and usually it's dead before the sixth one<00:05:35.460> has<00:05:35.610> worn<00:05:36.480> down<00:05:36.720> all<00:05:36.930> the<00:05:37.140> way<00:05:37.350> see<00:05:38.040> these 00:05:38.770 --> 00:05:38.780 align:start position:0% one has worn down all the way see these 00:05:38.780 --> 00:05:41.300 align:start position:0% one has worn down all the way see these example<00:05:39.780> actually<00:05:40.200> this<00:05:40.350> is<00:05:40.560> interesting<00:05:40.950> you 00:05:41.300 --> 00:05:41.310 align:start position:0% example actually this is interesting you 00:05:41.310 --> 00:05:44.659 align:start position:0% example actually this is interesting you can<00:05:41.490> see<00:05:41.880> the<00:05:42.060> difference<00:05:42.690> this<00:05:43.530> is<00:05:43.980> obviously 00:05:44.659 --> 00:05:44.669 align:start position:0% can see the difference this is obviously 00:05:44.669 --> 00:05:47.350 align:start position:0% can see the difference this is obviously an<00:05:44.880> older<00:05:45.480> molar<00:05:45.840> with<00:05:46.740> the<00:05:46.919> cusps 00:05:47.350 --> 00:05:47.360 align:start position:0% an older molar with the cusps 00:05:47.360 --> 00:05:49.550 align:start position:0% an older molar with the cusps significantly<00:05:48.360> worn<00:05:48.780> down<00:05:49.140> wasn't 00:05:49.550 --> 00:05:49.560 align:start position:0% significantly worn down wasn't 00:05:49.560 --> 00:05:51.650 align:start position:0% significantly worn down wasn't completely<00:05:50.040> gone<00:05:50.190> now<00:05:50.220> and<00:05:50.580> here<00:05:51.060> is<00:05:51.210> a<00:05:51.240> molar 00:05:51.650 --> 00:05:51.660 align:start position:0% completely gone now and here is a molar 00:05:51.660 --> 00:05:54.830 align:start position:0% completely gone now and here is a molar that<00:05:51.840> was<00:05:52.169> probably<00:05:52.880> had<00:05:53.880> just<00:05:54.180> barely<00:05:54.450> been 00:05:54.830 --> 00:05:54.840 align:start position:0% that was probably had just barely been 00:05:54.840 --> 00:05:56.930 align:start position:0% that was probably had just barely been used<00:05:54.870> the<00:05:55.470> cusps<00:05:55.919> are<00:05:56.070> just<00:05:56.310> a<00:05:56.430> little<00:05:56.730> bit 00:05:56.930 --> 00:05:56.940 align:start position:0% used the cusps are just a little bit 00:05:56.940 --> 00:06:00.220 align:start position:0% used the cusps are just a little bit worn<00:05:57.530> even<00:05:58.530> no<00:05:58.980> prestigious<00:05:59.700> museums 00:06:00.220 --> 00:06:00.230 align:start position:0% worn even no prestigious museums 00:06:00.230 --> 00:06:02.860 align:start position:0% worn even no prestigious museums occasionally<00:06:01.230> have<00:06:01.470> to<00:06:01.500> revise<00:06:02.010> their<00:06:02.310> mouths 00:06:02.860 --> 00:06:02.870 align:start position:0% occasionally have to revise their mouths 00:06:02.870 --> 00:06:05.780 align:start position:0% occasionally have to revise their mouths secret<00:06:03.870> example<00:06:04.380> this<00:06:04.620> one<00:06:04.950> I<00:06:04.980> can<00:06:05.280> tell<00:06:05.520> is<00:06:05.760> a 00:06:05.780 --> 00:06:05.790 align:start position:0% secret example this one I can tell is a 00:06:05.790 --> 00:06:08.420 align:start position:0% secret example this one I can tell is a cervical<00:06:06.480> vertebra<00:06:07.050> because<00:06:07.830> these<00:06:08.040> holes 00:06:08.420 --> 00:06:08.430 align:start position:0% cervical vertebra because these holes 00:06:08.430 --> 00:06:10.430 align:start position:0% cervical vertebra because these holes are<00:06:08.700> where<00:06:08.850> the<00:06:09.060> carotid<00:06:09.540> arteries<00:06:10.020> would<00:06:10.290> be 00:06:10.430 --> 00:06:10.440 align:start position:0% are where the carotid arteries would be 00:06:10.440 --> 00:06:16.580 align:start position:0% are where the carotid arteries would be okay<00:06:10.770> that<00:06:11.070> one<00:06:11.610> I<00:06:11.640> wasn't<00:06:12.180> so<00:06:12.360> sure<00:06:15.110> my<00:06:16.110> alma 00:06:16.580 --> 00:06:16.590 align:start position:0% okay that one I wasn't so sure my alma 00:06:16.590 --> 00:06:19.760 align:start position:0% okay that one I wasn't so sure my alma mater<00:06:16.770> you<00:06:17.220> Yale<00:06:17.580> is<00:06:18.000> just<00:06:18.770> reassembling 00:06:19.760 --> 00:06:19.770 align:start position:0% mater you Yale is just reassembling 00:06:19.770 --> 00:06:21.800 align:start position:0% mater you Yale is just reassembling their<00:06:20.010> big<00:06:20.280> brontosaurus 00:06:21.800 --> 00:06:21.810 align:start position:0% their big brontosaurus 00:06:21.810 --> 00:06:25.400 align:start position:0% their big brontosaurus and<00:06:22.280> back<00:06:23.280> in<00:06:23.520> the<00:06:23.669> 80s<00:06:24.180> they<00:06:24.450> had<00:06:24.480> to<00:06:24.900> mount<00:06:25.139> a 00:06:25.400 --> 00:06:25.410 align:start position:0% and back in the 80s they had to mount a 00:06:25.410 --> 00:06:27.200 align:start position:0% and back in the 80s they had to mount a different<00:06:25.980> head<00:06:26.220> because<00:06:26.700> they<00:06:26.850> had<00:06:27.060> the 00:06:27.200 --> 00:06:27.210 align:start position:0% different head because they had the 00:06:27.210 --> 00:06:29.600 align:start position:0% different head because they had the wrong<00:06:27.389> head<00:06:27.780> and<00:06:28.080> now<00:06:28.620> they<00:06:28.860> realize<00:06:28.889> they're 00:06:29.600 --> 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pelvis we think the greatest 00:06:48.270 --> 00:06:53.120 align:start position:0% the pelvis we think the greatest condition<00:06:50.840> and<00:06:51.840> you<00:06:52.139> have<00:06:52.380> to<00:06:52.560> wonder<00:06:52.800> you 00:06:53.120 --> 00:06:53.130 align:start position:0% condition and you have to wonder you 00:06:53.130 --> 00:06:56.540 align:start position:0% condition and you have to wonder you know<00:06:53.340> how<00:06:53.520> much<00:06:54.030> of<00:06:54.330> it<00:06:54.510> was<00:06:55.139> broken<00:06:55.680> up<00:06:55.800> maybe 00:06:56.540 --> 00:06:56.550 align:start position:0% know how much of it was broken up maybe 00:06:56.550 --> 00:06:59.420 align:start position:0% know how much of it was broken up maybe by<00:06:56.850> scavengers<00:06:57.810> how<00:06:58.139> much<00:06:58.350> was<00:06:58.620> broken<00:06:59.070> out<00:06:59.220> by 00:06:59.420 --> 00:06:59.430 align:start position:0% by scavengers how much was broken out by 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left<00:07:36.150> part<00:07:37.050> of<00:07:37.320> the<00:07:37.530> ilium<00:07:38.130> and<00:07:40.280> for 00:07:41.270 --> 00:07:41.280 align:start position:0% is the left part of the ilium and for 00:07:41.280 --> 00:07:43.520 align:start position:0% is the left part of the ilium and for those<00:07:41.430> who<00:07:41.820> don't<00:07:42.060> know<00:07:42.150> the<00:07:42.479> ilium 00:07:43.520 --> 00:07:43.530 align:start position:0% those who don't know the ilium 00:07:43.530 --> 00:07:45.770 align:start position:0% those who don't know the ilium it's<00:07:43.680> the<00:07:44.070> blade<00:07:44.370> like<00:07:44.669> part<00:07:45.150> of<00:07:45.390> them<00:07:45.539> of<00:07:45.690> the 00:07:45.770 --> 00:07:45.780 align:start position:0% it's the blade like part of them of the 00:07:45.780 --> 00:07:50.690 align:start position:0% it's the blade like part of them of the pelvic<00:07:46.169> bone<00:07:46.380> very<00:07:47.010> good<00:07:47.250> yep<00:07:49.550> these<00:07:50.550> were 00:07:50.690 --> 00:07:50.700 align:start position:0% pelvic bone very good yep these were 00:07:50.700 --> 00:07:53.690 align:start position:0% pelvic bone very good yep these were enormous<00:07:51.120> beasts<00:07:51.960> oh<00:07:52.169> yes<00:07:52.590> yeah<00:07:53.220> this<00:07:53.430> would 00:07:53.690 --> 00:07:53.700 align:start position:0% enormous beasts oh yes yeah this would 00:07:53.700 --> 00:07:55.790 align:start position:0% enormous beasts oh yes yeah this would have<00:07:53.850> been<00:07:54.090> probably<00:07:54.690> when<00:07:55.200> all<00:07:55.380> is<00:07:55.530> said<00:07:55.770> and 00:07:55.790 --> 00:07:55.800 align:start position:0% have been probably when all is said and 00:07:55.800 --> 00:07:58.580 align:start position:0% have been probably when all is said and done<00:07:56.160> at<00:07:56.729> least<00:07:57.300> 10<00:07:57.690> feet<00:07:58.020> tall<00:07:58.320> at<00:07:58.560> the 00:07:58.580 --> 00:07:58.590 align:start position:0% done at least 10 feet tall at the 00:07:58.590 --> 00:08:01.340 align:start position:0% done at least 10 feet tall at the shoulder<00:07:59.280> now<00:07:59.940> some<00:08:00.330> elephants<00:08:00.960> are<00:08:01.080> taller 00:08:01.340 --> 00:08:01.350 align:start position:0% shoulder now some elephants are taller 00:08:01.350 --> 00:08:04.670 align:start position:0% shoulder now some elephants are taller than<00:08:01.530> that<00:08:01.889> but<00:08:02.490> this<00:08:02.700> was<00:08:03.030> stockier<00:08:03.900> more 00:08:04.670 --> 00:08:04.680 align:start position:0% than that but this was stockier more 00:08:04.680 --> 00:08:07.879 align:start position:0% than that but this was stockier more more<00:08:05.130> massive<00:08:05.880> proportionately<00:08:06.840> and<00:08:07.380> that<00:08:07.740> is 00:08:07.879 --> 00:08:07.889 align:start position:0% more massive proportionately and that is 00:08:07.889 --> 00:08:10.600 align:start position:0% more massive proportionately and that is a<00:08:07.919> trend<00:08:08.400> that<00:08:08.580> we<00:08:08.940> see<00:08:08.970> in<00:08:09.660> cold<00:08:10.080> weather 00:08:10.600 --> 00:08:10.610 align:start position:0% a trend that we see in cold weather 00:08:10.610 --> 00:08:14.210 align:start position:0% a trend that we see in cold weather animals<00:08:11.610> receive<00:08:12.090> even<00:08:12.389> today<00:08:12.810> they<00:08:13.710> tend<00:08:14.100> to 00:08:14.210 --> 00:08:14.220 align:start position:0% animals receive even today they tend to 00:08:14.220 --> 00:08:17.469 align:start position:0% animals receive even today they tend to have<00:08:14.520> stockier<00:08:15.360> bodies<00:08:15.960> in<00:08:16.260> shorter<00:08:16.950> limbs 00:08:17.469 --> 00:08:17.479 align:start position:0% have stockier bodies in shorter limbs 00:08:17.479 --> 00:08:20.330 align:start position:0% have stockier bodies in shorter limbs because<00:08:18.479> that<00:08:18.690> reduces<00:08:19.440> their<00:08:19.620> surface<00:08:20.190> to 00:08:20.330 --> 00:08:20.340 align:start position:0% because that reduces their surface to 00:08:20.340 --> 00:08:22.580 align:start position:0% because that reduces their surface to volume<00:08:20.370> ratio<00:08:21.300> and<00:08:21.600> they're<00:08:21.810> less<00:08:22.080> likely<00:08:22.110> to 00:08:22.580 --> 00:08:22.590 align:start position:0% volume ratio and they're less likely to 00:08:22.590 --> 00:08:24.740 align:start position:0% volume ratio and they're less likely to lose<00:08:22.889> body<00:08:23.220> heat<00:08:23.370> if<00:08:24.210> I'm<00:08:24.389> remembering 00:08:24.740 --> 00:08:24.750 align:start position:0% lose body heat if I'm remembering 00:08:24.750 --> 00:08:26.840 align:start position:0% lose body heat if I'm remembering correctly<00:08:25.020> was<00:08:25.650> at<00:08:25.800> the<00:08:25.979> mammoth<00:08:26.430> that<00:08:26.669> had 00:08:26.840 --> 00:08:26.850 align:start position:0% correctly was at the mammoth that had 00:08:26.850 --> 00:08:29.870 align:start position:0% correctly was at the mammoth that had smaller<00:08:27.450> ears<00:08:27.960> yes<00:08:28.530> because<00:08:28.979> ears<00:08:29.520> in 00:08:29.870 --> 00:08:29.880 align:start position:0% smaller ears yes because ears in 00:08:29.880 --> 00:08:33.260 align:start position:0% smaller ears yes because ears in present-day<00:08:30.630> elephants<00:08:31.729> especially<00:08:32.729> African 00:08:33.260 --> 00:08:33.270 align:start position:0% present-day elephants especially African 00:08:33.270 --> 00:08:34.209 align:start position:0% present-day elephants especially African elephants<00:08:33.870> which 00:08:34.209 --> 00:08:34.219 align:start position:0% elephants which 00:08:34.219 --> 00:08:36.309 align:start position:0% elephants which what<00:08:34.579> it's<00:08:34.729> really<00:08:34.909> hot<00:08:35.240> there<00:08:35.539> are<00:08:35.899> basically 00:08:36.309 --> 00:08:36.319 align:start position:0% what it's really hot there are basically 00:08:36.319 --> 00:08:38.259 align:start position:0% what it's really hot there are basically thermal<00:08:36.860> radiators<00:08:37.519> you<00:08:37.699> know<00:08:37.819> they<00:08:38.000> wave 00:08:38.259 --> 00:08:38.269 align:start position:0% thermal radiators you know they wave 00:08:38.269 --> 00:08:39.969 align:start position:0% thermal radiators you know they wave them<00:08:38.569> in<00:08:38.719> the<00:08:38.870> wind<00:08:39.139> they're<00:08:39.500> highly 00:08:39.969 --> 00:08:39.979 align:start position:0% them in the wind they're highly 00:08:39.979 --> 00:08:41.980 align:start position:0% them in the wind they're highly vascularized<00:08:40.639> and<00:08:41.180> they're<00:08:41.300> trying<00:08:41.629> to<00:08:41.719> lose 00:08:41.980 --> 00:08:41.990 align:start position:0% vascularized and they're trying to lose 00:08:41.990 --> 00:08:44.860 align:start position:0% vascularized and they're trying to lose some<00:08:42.860> body<00:08:43.099> heat<00:08:43.399> but<00:08:44.029> if<00:08:44.180> you<00:08:44.360> live<00:08:44.600> where 00:08:44.860 --> 00:08:44.870 align:start position:0% some body heat but if you live where 00:08:44.870 --> 00:08:47.920 align:start position:0% some body heat but if you live where it's<00:08:45.050> cold<00:08:45.220> then<00:08:46.220> the<00:08:46.730> smaller<00:08:47.089> the<00:08:47.389> ears<00:08:47.750> the 00:08:47.920 --> 00:08:47.930 align:start position:0% it's cold then the smaller the ears the 00:08:47.930 --> 00:08:48.990 align:start position:0% it's cold then the smaller the ears the better 00:08:48.990 --> 00:08:49.000 align:start position:0% better 00:08:49.000 --> 00:08:52.329 align:start position:0% better and<00:08:50.000> we<00:08:50.209> think<00:08:50.420> mastodons<00:08:51.139> also<00:08:51.709> have<00:08:51.920> small 00:08:52.329 --> 00:08:52.339 align:start position:0% and we think mastodons also have small 00:08:52.339 --> 00:08:55.540 align:start position:0% and we think mastodons also have small ears<00:08:52.550> and<00:08:53.209> in<00:08:53.930> just<00:08:54.170> a<00:08:54.319> stockier<00:08:54.920> chunkier 00:08:55.540 --> 00:08:55.550 align:start position:0% ears and in just a stockier chunkier 00:08:55.550 --> 00:08:58.449 align:start position:0% ears and in just a stockier chunkier body<00:08:55.850> with<00:08:56.509> less<00:08:56.779> surface<00:08:57.079> area<00:08:57.529> per<00:08:57.769> pound<00:08:58.220> of 00:08:58.449 --> 00:08:58.459 align:start position:0% body with less surface area per pound of 00:08:58.459 --> 00:09:02.759 align:start position:0% body with less surface area per pound of weight<00:09:00.430> which<00:09:01.430> makes<00:09:01.730> it<00:09:01.939> perfectly 00:09:02.759 --> 00:09:02.769 align:start position:0% weight which makes it perfectly 00:09:02.769 --> 00:09:05.740 align:start position:0% weight which makes it perfectly reasonable<00:09:03.769> to<00:09:03.949> consider<00:09:04.339> it<00:09:04.730> a<00:09:04.759> cold<00:09:05.480> weather 00:09:05.740 --> 00:09:05.750 align:start position:0% reasonable to consider it a cold weather 00:09:05.750 --> 00:09:08.650 align:start position:0% reasonable to consider it a cold weather right<00:09:06.290> quiet<00:09:06.740> not<00:09:07.129> so<00:09:07.399> much<00:09:07.639> in<00:09:07.910> a<00:09:08.029> hot<00:09:08.329> climate 00:09:08.650 --> 00:09:08.660 align:start position:0% right quiet not so much in a hot climate 00:09:08.660 --> 00:09:12.040 align:start position:0% right quiet not so much in a hot climate because<00:09:09.410> if<00:09:09.589> you<00:09:09.769> notice<00:09:10.389> African<00:09:11.389> elephants 00:09:12.040 --> 00:09:12.050 align:start position:0% because if you notice African elephants 00:09:12.050 --> 00:09:14.170 align:start position:0% because if you notice African elephants for<00:09:12.230> example<00:09:12.829> they<00:09:12.980> like<00:09:13.220> to<00:09:13.430> go<00:09:13.579> in<00:09:13.759> the<00:09:13.910> water 00:09:14.170 --> 00:09:14.180 align:start position:0% for example they like to go in the water 00:09:14.180 --> 00:09:16.689 align:start position:0% for example they like to go in the water they<00:09:14.839> like<00:09:15.139> to<00:09:15.319> shower<00:09:15.649> themselves<00:09:16.550> with 00:09:16.689 --> 00:09:16.699 align:start position:0% they like to shower themselves with 00:09:16.699 --> 00:09:19.509 align:start position:0% they like to shower themselves with their<00:09:16.879> trunks<00:09:17.449> and<00:09:17.709> supposedly<00:09:18.709> they<00:09:19.069> do<00:09:19.129> run 00:09:19.509 --> 00:09:19.519 align:start position:0% their trunks and supposedly they do run 00:09:19.519 --> 00:09:24.939 align:start position:0% their trunks and supposedly they do run the<00:09:19.790> risk<00:09:19.819> of<00:09:20.300> overheating<00:09:21.009> so<00:09:23.829> you<00:09:24.829> know 00:09:24.939 --> 00:09:24.949 align:start position:0% the risk of overheating so you know 00:09:24.949 --> 00:09:27.670 align:start position:0% the risk of overheating so you know being<00:09:25.250> a<00:09:25.399> very<00:09:25.610> large<00:09:25.910> mammal<00:09:26.660> gives<00:09:27.259> you<00:09:27.410> some 00:09:27.670 --> 00:09:27.680 align:start position:0% being a very large mammal gives you some 00:09:27.680 --> 00:09:30.280 align:start position:0% being a very large mammal gives you some protection<00:09:28.339> against<00:09:28.759> predators<00:09:29.360> but<00:09:30.170> it 00:09:30.280 --> 00:09:30.290 align:start position:0% protection against predators but it 00:09:30.290 --> 00:09:33.030 align:start position:0% protection against predators but it comes<00:09:30.529> with<00:09:30.889> its<00:09:31.069> own<00:09:31.279> set<00:09:31.670> of<00:09:31.730> challenges 00:09:33.030 --> 00:09:33.040 align:start position:0% comes with its own set of challenges 00:09:33.040 --> 00:09:35.499 align:start position:0% comes with its own set of challenges because<00:09:34.040> for<00:09:34.250> one<00:09:34.430> thing<00:09:34.670> if<00:09:34.879> you<00:09:35.000> touch<00:09:35.209> this 00:09:35.499 --> 00:09:35.509 align:start position:0% because for one thing if you touch this 00:09:35.509 --> 00:09:37.900 align:start position:0% because for one thing if you touch this thing<00:09:35.569> this<00:09:36.079> is<00:09:36.290> not<00:09:36.529> really<00:09:37.009> fossilized<00:09:37.670> I 00:09:37.900 --> 00:09:37.910 align:start position:0% thing this is not really fossilized I 00:09:37.910 --> 00:09:40.360 align:start position:0% thing this is not really fossilized I mean<00:09:38.060> technically<00:09:39.050> it's<00:09:39.259> a<00:09:39.350> fossil<00:09:39.589> because 00:09:40.360 --> 00:09:40.370 align:start position:0% mean technically it's a fossil because 00:09:40.370 --> 00:09:41.949 align:start position:0% mean technically it's a fossil because it's<00:09:40.519> the<00:09:40.670> remains<00:09:41.029> of<00:09:41.209> an<00:09:41.360> extinct<00:09:41.809> the 00:09:41.949 --> 00:09:41.959 align:start position:0% it's the remains of an extinct the 00:09:41.959 --> 00:09:44.170 align:start position:0% it's the remains of an extinct the organism<00:09:42.620> but<00:09:42.800> it's<00:09:42.949> not<00:09:43.189> study<00:09:43.759> it's<00:09:43.939> not 00:09:44.170 --> 00:09:44.180 align:start position:0% organism but it's not study it's not 00:09:44.180 --> 00:09:46.449 align:start position:0% organism but it's not study it's not petrified<00:09:44.870> us<00:09:45.110> not<00:09:45.379> still<00:09:45.800> I<00:09:46.009> mean<00:09:46.100> this<00:09:46.279> would 00:09:46.449 --> 00:09:46.459 align:start position:0% petrified us not still I mean this would 00:09:46.459 --> 00:09:48.549 align:start position:0% petrified us not still I mean this would probably<00:09:46.670> tear<00:09:47.180> down<00:09:47.420> the<00:09:47.629> wall<00:09:47.839> a<00:09:47.870> bit<00:09:48.170> more 00:09:48.549 --> 00:09:48.559 align:start position:0% probably tear down the wall a bit more 00:09:48.559 --> 00:09:50.460 align:start position:0% probably tear down the wall a bit more stone<00:09:48.860> it<00:09:49.069> would<00:09:49.160> be<00:09:49.339> tremendous<00:09:49.970> and<00:09:50.149> heavy 00:09:50.460 --> 00:09:50.470 align:start position:0% stone it would be tremendous and heavy 00:09:50.470 --> 00:09:54.040 align:start position:0% stone it would be tremendous and heavy this<00:09:51.470> is<00:09:51.529> still<00:09:51.889> bold<00:09:52.160> how<00:09:52.699> much<00:09:52.879> does<00:09:53.209> is<00:09:53.839> this 00:09:54.040 --> 00:09:54.050 align:start position:0% this is still bold how much does is this 00:09:54.050 --> 00:09:56.410 align:start position:0% this is still bold how much does is this the<00:09:54.230> femur<00:09:54.470> yes<00:09:55.189> how<00:09:55.819> much<00:09:55.939> does<00:09:56.209> this<00:09:56.360> weigh 00:09:56.410 --> 00:09:56.420 align:start position:0% the femur yes how much does this weigh 00:09:56.420 --> 00:09:59.549 align:start position:0% the femur yes how much does this weigh do<00:09:56.870> you<00:09:56.959> know<00:09:57.199> we've<00:09:57.769> never<00:09:57.949> waited<00:09:58.610> there<00:09:58.759> no 00:09:59.549 --> 00:09:59.559 align:start position:0% do you know we've never waited there no 00:09:59.559 --> 00:10:00.790 align:start position:0% do you know we've never waited there no no<00:10:00.559> I 00:10:00.790 --> 00:10:00.800 align:start position:0% no I 00:10:00.800 --> 00:10:02.619 align:start position:0% no I plenty<00:10:01.519> onion<00:10:01.790> I<00:10:01.879> wouldn't<00:10:02.149> have<00:10:02.240> to<00:10:02.389> pull<00:10:02.600> a 00:10:02.619 --> 00:10:02.629 align:start position:0% plenty onion I wouldn't have to pull a 00:10:02.629 --> 00:10:04.600 align:start position:0% plenty onion I wouldn't have to pull a number<00:10:02.990> out<00:10:03.139> of<00:10:03.170> a<00:10:03.319> hat<00:10:03.350> dad<00:10:03.889> yeah<00:10:04.069> that's<00:10:04.370> far 00:10:04.600 --> 00:10:04.610 align:start position:0% number out of a hat dad yeah that's far 00:10:04.610 --> 00:10:06.910 align:start position:0% number out of a hat dad yeah that's far but<00:10:04.790> it's<00:10:04.939> not<00:10:05.300> something<00:10:06.290> that<00:10:06.470> you<00:10:06.709> would 00:10:06.910 --> 00:10:06.920 align:start position:0% but it's not something that you would 00:10:06.920 --> 00:10:09.549 align:start position:0% but it's not something that you would need<00:10:07.189> heavy<00:10:07.579> machinery<00:10:08.209> to<00:10:08.629> lift<00:10:08.870> because 00:10:09.549 --> 00:10:09.559 align:start position:0% need heavy machinery to lift because 00:10:09.559 --> 00:10:12.500 align:start position:0% need heavy machinery to lift because this<00:10:09.769> girl<00:10:10.069> or<00:10:10.279> her<00:10:10.459> father<00:10:10.790> the<00:10:11.149> true 00:10:12.500 --> 00:10:12.510 align:start position:0% this girl or her father the true 00:10:12.510 --> 00:10:16.670 align:start position:0% this girl or her father the true did<00:10:13.410> the<00:10:13.590> cell<00:10:14.510> lets<00:10:15.510> that<00:10:15.960> speaks<00:10:16.290> volumes 00:10:16.670 --> 00:10:16.680 align:start position:0% did the cell lets that speaks volumes 00:10:16.680 --> 00:10:19.340 align:start position:0% did the cell lets that speaks volumes yeah<00:10:17.040> well<00:10:17.580> now<00:10:17.700> she<00:10:17.760> consulted<00:10:18.630> with<00:10:18.810> wrong<00:10:19.110> I 00:10:19.340 --> 00:10:19.350 align:start position:0% yeah well now she consulted with wrong I 00:10:19.350 --> 00:10:23.930 align:start position:0% yeah well now she consulted with wrong I mean<00:10:19.470> he<00:10:19.710> suggested<00:10:20.520> this<00:10:21.000> mount<00:10:22.100> and<00:10:23.100> her 00:10:23.930 --> 00:10:23.940 align:start position:0% mean he suggested this mount and her 00:10:23.940 --> 00:10:25.880 align:start position:0% mean he suggested this mount and her father<00:10:24.240> had<00:10:24.510> some<00:10:24.720> of<00:10:24.840> the<00:10:24.960> tools<00:10:25.230> but<00:10:25.590> the<00:10:25.680> two 00:10:25.880 --> 00:10:25.890 align:start position:0% father had some of the tools but the two 00:10:25.890 --> 00:10:27.710 align:start position:0% father had some of the tools but the two of<00:10:26.010> them<00:10:26.220> together<00:10:26.400> were<00:10:26.880> able<00:10:26.940> to<00:10:27.330> do<00:10:27.510> this 00:10:27.710 --> 00:10:27.720 align:start position:0% of them together were able to do this 00:10:27.720 --> 00:10:30.470 align:start position:0% of them together were able to do this excellent<00:10:28.500> and<00:10:28.770> the<00:10:28.950> only<00:10:29.100> other<00:10:29.480> cooperation 00:10:30.470 --> 00:10:30.480 align:start position:0% excellent and the only other cooperation 00:10:30.480 --> 00:10:33.590 align:start position:0% excellent and the only other cooperation look<00:10:31.050> closely<00:10:32.000> Parliament<00:10:33.000> is<00:10:33.120> not<00:10:33.330> the 00:10:33.590 --> 00:10:33.600 align:start position:0% look closely Parliament is not the 00:10:33.600 --> 00:10:36.590 align:start position:0% look closely Parliament is not the original<00:10:33.860> material<00:10:34.860> it's<00:10:35.070> plaster<00:10:35.790> so<00:10:36.420> my 00:10:36.590 --> 00:10:36.600 align:start position:0% original material it's plaster so my 00:10:36.600 --> 00:10:39.500 align:start position:0% original material it's plaster so my comparative<00:10:37.320> anatomy<00:10:37.860> class<00:10:38.130> pitched<00:10:38.940> in<00:10:39.300> a 00:10:39.500 --> 00:10:39.510 align:start position:0% comparative anatomy class pitched in a 00:10:39.510 --> 00:10:44.120 align:start position:0% comparative anatomy class pitched in a little<00:10:40.170> bit<00:10:40.440> and<00:10:41.300> they<00:10:42.770> reconstructed<00:10:43.770> like 00:10:44.120 --> 00:10:44.130 align:start position:0% little bit and they reconstructed like 00:10:44.130 --> 00:10:46.730 align:start position:0% little bit and they reconstructed like this<00:10:44.460> missing<00:10:45.240> part<00:10:45.510> of<00:10:45.660> a<00:10:45.780> rape<00:10:46.020> dismissive 00:10:46.730 --> 00:10:46.740 align:start position:0% this missing part of a rape dismissive 00:10:46.740 --> 00:10:49.490 align:start position:0% this missing part of a rape dismissive part<00:10:47.040> of<00:10:47.160> the<00:10:47.280> rib<00:10:47.490> this<00:10:48.240> is<00:10:48.480> one<00:10:48.750> of<00:10:48.930> the<00:10:49.110> Saiga 00:10:49.490 --> 00:10:49.500 align:start position:0% part of the rib this is one of the Saiga 00:10:49.500 --> 00:10:52.010 align:start position:0% part of the rib this is one of the Saiga prophecies<00:10:50.340> one<00:10:50.550> of<00:10:50.700> the<00:10:50.820> articulations<00:10:51.720> of 00:10:52.010 --> 00:10:52.020 align:start position:0% prophecies one of the articulations of 00:10:52.020 --> 00:10:55.180 align:start position:0% prophecies one of the articulations of this<00:10:52.410> vertebra<00:10:53.100> and<00:10:54.030> this<00:10:54.540> looks 00:10:55.180 --> 00:10:55.190 align:start position:0% this vertebra and this looks 00:10:55.190 --> 00:10:57.470 align:start position:0% this vertebra and this looks reconstructed<00:10:56.190> but<00:10:56.340> they<00:10:56.490> also<00:10:56.640> painted<00:10:57.120> it 00:10:57.470 --> 00:10:57.480 align:start position:0% reconstructed but they also painted it 00:10:57.480 --> 00:11:01.100 align:start position:0% reconstructed but they also painted it over<00:10:57.900> so<00:10:58.890> there<00:10:59.100> was<00:10:59.310> an<00:10:59.490> attempt<00:11:00.150> to<00:11:00.330> make<00:11:00.930> it 00:11:01.100 --> 00:11:01.110 align:start position:0% over so there was an attempt to make it 00:11:01.110 --> 00:11:03.980 align:start position:0% over so there was an attempt to make it look<00:11:01.320> as<00:11:01.500> natural<00:11:01.710> as<00:11:02.190> possible<00:11:02.940> and<00:11:03.300> these 00:11:03.980 --> 00:11:03.990 align:start position:0% look as natural as possible and these 00:11:03.990 --> 00:11:07.220 align:start position:0% look as natural as possible and these are<00:11:04.500> all<00:11:04.830> vertebrae<00:11:05.610> right<00:11:06.060> yeah<00:11:06.480> that's<00:11:06.750> them 00:11:07.220 --> 00:11:07.230 align:start position:0% are all vertebrae right yeah that's them 00:11:07.230 --> 00:11:09.530 align:start position:0% are all vertebrae right yeah that's them and<00:11:07.950> there<00:11:08.160> was<00:11:08.370> a<00:11:08.400> little<00:11:08.790> bit<00:11:08.970> of<00:11:09.090> guesswork 00:11:09.530 --> 00:11:09.540 align:start position:0% and there was a little bit of guesswork 00:11:09.540 --> 00:11:12.230 align:start position:0% and there was a little bit of guesswork involved<00:11:10.140> except<00:11:10.770> for<00:11:11.010> that<00:11:11.190> one<00:11:11.550> but<00:11:11.940> she 00:11:12.230 --> 00:11:12.240 align:start position:0% involved except for that one but she 00:11:12.240 --> 00:11:14.030 align:start position:0% involved except for that one but she thought<00:11:12.510> that<00:11:12.810> this<00:11:12.990> was<00:11:13.350> the<00:11:13.500> second 00:11:14.030 --> 00:11:14.040 align:start position:0% thought that this was the second 00:11:14.040 --> 00:11:16.010 align:start position:0% thought that this was the second thoracic<00:11:14.370> this<00:11:15.000> was<00:11:15.270> the<00:11:15.420> sixth<00:11:15.840> thoracic 00:11:16.010 --> 00:11:16.020 align:start position:0% thoracic this was the sixth thoracic 00:11:16.020 --> 00:11:19.220 align:start position:0% thoracic this was the sixth thoracic that<00:11:16.740> was<00:11:16.950> the<00:11:17.100> eighth<00:11:17.310> thoracic<00:11:17.870> so<00:11:18.870> if<00:11:19.050> you 00:11:19.220 --> 00:11:19.230 align:start position:0% that was the eighth thoracic so if you 00:11:19.230 --> 00:11:21.710 align:start position:0% that was the eighth thoracic so if you look<00:11:19.440> at<00:11:19.620> the<00:11:19.800> skeleton<00:11:20.130> that<00:11:21.090> one<00:11:21.450> with<00:11:21.690> that 00:11:21.710 --> 00:11:21.720 align:start position:0% look at the skeleton that one with that 00:11:21.720 --> 00:11:26.510 align:start position:0% look at the skeleton that one with that really<00:11:22.500> tall<00:11:22.800> spine<00:11:23.540> would<00:11:24.540> be<00:11:24.980> about<00:11:25.980> here 00:11:26.510 --> 00:11:26.520 align:start position:0% really tall spine would be about here 00:11:26.520 --> 00:11:29.570 align:start position:0% really tall spine would be about here okay<00:11:27.270> because<00:11:27.770> animals<00:11:28.770> with<00:11:28.950> a<00:11:28.980> very<00:11:29.310> very 00:11:29.570 --> 00:11:29.580 align:start position:0% okay because animals with a very very 00:11:29.580 --> 00:11:32.150 align:start position:0% okay because animals with a very very heavy<00:11:29.880> skull<00:11:30.480> and<00:11:30.840> obviously<00:11:31.320> this<00:11:31.560> is<00:11:31.620> a<00:11:31.800> big 00:11:32.150 --> 00:11:32.160 align:start position:0% heavy skull and obviously this is a big 00:11:32.160 --> 00:11:36.290 align:start position:0% heavy skull and obviously this is a big skull<00:11:32.640> their<00:11:33.030> tusks<00:11:33.660> need<00:11:34.520> long<00:11:35.520> vertebral 00:11:36.290 --> 00:11:36.300 align:start position:0% skull their tusks need long vertebral 00:11:36.300 --> 00:11:38.390 align:start position:0% skull their tusks need long vertebral spines<00:11:36.720> for<00:11:37.110> the<00:11:37.230> muscle<00:11:37.770> and<00:11:37.950> tendon 00:11:38.390 --> 00:11:38.400 align:start position:0% spines for the muscle and tendon 00:11:38.400 --> 00:11:40.310 align:start position:0% spines for the muscle and tendon attachments<00:11:38.790> just<00:11:39.240> to<00:11:39.570> hold<00:11:39.840> their<00:11:40.050> head<00:11:40.290> up 00:11:40.310 --> 00:11:40.320 align:start position:0% attachments just to hold their head up 00:11:40.320 --> 00:11:43.970 align:start position:0% attachments just to hold their head up we<00:11:41.040> know<00:11:41.280> that's<00:11:41.580> the<00:11:41.790> atlas<00:11:42.570> because<00:11:43.530> that<00:11:43.770> is 00:11:43.970 --> 00:11:43.980 align:start position:0% we know that's the atlas because that is 00:11:43.980 --> 00:11:45.950 align:start position:0% we know that's the atlas because that is the<00:11:44.160> only<00:11:44.340> vertebra<00:11:45.120> that<00:11:45.150> doesn't<00:11:45.750> have<00:11:45.930> a 00:11:45.950 --> 00:11:45.960 align:start position:0% the only vertebra that doesn't have a 00:11:45.960 --> 00:11:48.200 align:start position:0% the only vertebra that doesn't have a centrum<00:11:46.590> that<00:11:46.770> has<00:11:46.950> a<00:11:46.980> hollow<00:11:47.370> space<00:11:47.580> and 00:11:48.200 --> 00:11:48.210 align:start position:0% centrum that has a hollow space and 00:11:48.210 --> 00:11:50.620 align:start position:0% centrum that has a hollow space and that's<00:11:48.720> the<00:11:48.930> one<00:11:49.140> on<00:11:49.350> the<00:11:49.500> back<00:11:49.650> of<00:11:49.890> the<00:11:50.040> skull 00:11:50.620 --> 00:11:50.630 align:start position:0% that's the one on the back of the skull 00:11:50.630 --> 00:11:56.200 align:start position:0% that's the one on the back of the skull and<00:11:51.630> that's<00:11:52.350> going<00:11:52.710> to<00:11:52.770> be<00:11:52.920> the<00:11:53.130> main<00:11:53.790> almost 00:11:56.200 --> 00:11:56.210 align:start position:0% and that's going to be the main almost 00:11:56.210 --> 00:11:59.930 align:start position:0% and that's going to be the main almost right<00:11:57.210> data<00:11:58.080> data<00:11:58.680> well<00:11:59.010> that<00:11:59.190> allows<00:11:59.580> the 00:11:59.930 --> 00:11:59.940 align:start position:0% right data data well that allows the 00:11:59.940 --> 00:12:03.800 align:start position:0% right data data well that allows the head<00:12:00.270> to<00:12:00.930> rotate<00:12:01.260> if<00:12:01.890> you<00:12:02.070> notice<00:12:02.550> those<00:12:03.480> these 00:12:03.800 --> 00:12:03.810 align:start position:0% head to rotate if you notice those these 00:12:03.810 --> 00:12:08.930 align:start position:0% head to rotate if you notice those these two<00:12:04.110> facets<00:12:04.800> here<00:12:04.950> that<00:12:05.940> the<00:12:06.120> vertebra<00:12:07.940> then 00:12:08.930 --> 00:12:08.940 align:start position:0% two facets here that the vertebra then 00:12:08.940 --> 00:12:11.030 align:start position:0% two facets here that the vertebra then articulates<00:12:09.630> with<00:12:09.870> two<00:12:10.200> little<00:12:10.590> prongs 00:12:11.030 --> 00:12:11.040 align:start position:0% articulates with two little prongs 00:12:11.040 --> 00:12:13.340 align:start position:0% articulates with two little prongs they're<00:12:11.520> called<00:12:11.820> condyles<00:12:12.450> at<00:12:12.780> the<00:12:12.900> back<00:12:13.110> of 00:12:13.340 --> 00:12:13.350 align:start position:0% they're called condyles at the back of 00:12:13.350 --> 00:12:16.310 align:start position:0% they're called condyles at the back of the<00:12:13.470> skull<00:12:13.800> so<00:12:14.370> we<00:12:14.640> mammals<00:12:15.240> have<00:12:15.840> a<00:12:15.870> lot<00:12:16.290> of 00:12:16.310 --> 00:12:16.320 align:start position:0% the skull so we mammals have a lot of 00:12:16.320 --> 00:12:17.860 align:start position:0% the skull so we mammals have a lot of mobility<00:12:16.740> not 00:12:17.860 --> 00:12:17.870 align:start position:0% mobility not 00:12:17.870 --> 00:12:20.830 align:start position:0% mobility not if<00:12:18.350> you<00:12:18.620> look<00:12:18.830> at<00:12:19.010> a<00:12:19.040> crocodile<00:12:19.420> there<00:12:20.420> is<00:12:20.600> only 00:12:20.830 --> 00:12:20.840 align:start position:0% if you look at a crocodile there is only 00:12:20.840 --> 00:12:23.650 align:start position:0% if you look at a crocodile there is only one<00:12:21.290> little<00:12:21.680> prong<00:12:21.980> and<00:12:22.310> one<00:12:22.490> little<00:12:22.700> facet<00:12:23.390> so 00:12:23.650 --> 00:12:23.660 align:start position:0% one little prong and one little facet so 00:12:23.660 --> 00:12:26.610 align:start position:0% one little prong and one little facet so the<00:12:24.230> head<00:12:24.470> doesn't<00:12:24.740> rotate<00:12:25.100> nearly<00:12:25.760> as<00:12:25.880> well 00:12:26.610 --> 00:12:26.620 align:start position:0% the head doesn't rotate nearly as well 00:12:26.620 --> 00:12:29.860 align:start position:0% the head doesn't rotate nearly as well good<00:12:27.620> so<00:12:27.860> yeah<00:12:28.040> so<00:12:28.279> she<00:12:28.340> so<00:12:28.790> we<00:12:28.970> have<00:12:29.240> as<00:12:29.630> I<00:12:29.840> said 00:12:29.860 --> 00:12:29.870 align:start position:0% good so yeah so she so we have as I said 00:12:29.870 --> 00:12:32.260 align:start position:0% good so yeah so she so we have as I said in<00:12:30.200> storage<00:12:30.740> we<00:12:30.980> have<00:12:31.010> fragments<00:12:31.940> of<00:12:32.090> the 00:12:32.260 --> 00:12:32.270 align:start position:0% in storage we have fragments of the 00:12:32.270 --> 00:12:36.550 align:start position:0% in storage we have fragments of the pelvis<00:12:32.980> we<00:12:33.980> have<00:12:34.430> the<00:12:34.790> lower<00:12:35.029> jaw<00:12:35.600> again<00:12:36.260> if 00:12:36.550 --> 00:12:36.560 align:start position:0% pelvis we have the lower jaw again if 00:12:36.560 --> 00:12:38.110 align:start position:0% pelvis we have the lower jaw again if you<00:12:36.650> want<00:12:36.830> to<00:12:36.920> see<00:12:37.160> any<00:12:37.339> of<00:12:37.460> that<00:12:37.640> I<00:12:37.670> can<00:12:37.910> show 00:12:38.110 --> 00:12:38.120 align:start position:0% you want to see any of that I can show 00:12:38.120 --> 00:12:41.230 align:start position:0% you want to see any of that I can show it<00:12:38.270> to<00:12:38.300> you<00:12:38.570> we<00:12:39.170> have<00:12:39.470> some<00:12:39.950> of<00:12:40.130> the<00:12:40.370> pads<00:12:40.820> the 00:12:41.230 --> 00:12:41.240 align:start position:0% it to you we have some of the pads the 00:12:41.240 --> 00:12:43.570 align:start position:0% it to you we have some of the pads the intervertebral<00:12:42.010> discs<00:12:43.010> that<00:12:43.070> would<00:12:43.430> have 00:12:43.570 --> 00:12:43.580 align:start position:0% intervertebral discs that would have 00:12:43.580 --> 00:12:47.829 align:start position:0% intervertebral discs that would have been<00:12:43.790> between<00:12:44.089> the<00:12:44.390> vertebrae<00:12:45.200> and<00:12:46.150> we<00:12:47.150> have 00:12:47.829 --> 00:12:47.839 align:start position:0% been between the vertebrae and we have 00:12:47.839 --> 00:12:51.400 align:start position:0% been between the vertebrae and we have that<00:12:48.110> cartilage<00:12:48.650> type<00:12:49.130> material<00:12:50.410> yes 00:12:51.400 --> 00:12:51.410 align:start position:0% that cartilage type material yes 00:12:51.410 --> 00:12:53.470 align:start position:0% that cartilage type material yes basically<00:12:52.070> and<00:12:52.430> it's<00:12:52.550> actually<00:12:53.029> survived 00:12:53.470 --> 00:12:53.480 align:start position:0% basically and it's actually survived 00:12:53.480 --> 00:12:57.579 align:start position:0% basically and it's actually survived some<00:12:54.050> of<00:12:54.200> it<00:12:54.320> has<00:12:54.970> yep<00:12:55.970> the<00:12:56.900> only<00:12:56.990> thing<00:12:57.440> the 00:12:57.579 --> 00:12:57.589 align:start position:0% some of it has yep the only thing the 00:12:57.589 --> 00:13:00.280 align:start position:0% some of it has yep the only thing the widows<00:12:57.950> didn't<00:12:58.370> give<00:12:58.580> us<00:12:58.760> were<00:12:59.029> the<00:12:59.180> teeth<00:12:59.420> but 00:13:00.280 --> 00:13:00.290 align:start position:0% widows didn't give us were the teeth but 00:13:00.290 --> 00:13:04.480 align:start position:0% widows didn't give us were the teeth but we<00:13:00.589> made<00:13:00.890> plaster<00:13:01.820> casts<00:13:02.570> of<00:13:02.810> the<00:13:02.870> teeth<00:13:03.500> and 00:13:04.480 --> 00:13:04.490 align:start position:0% we made plaster casts of the teeth and 00:13:04.490 --> 00:13:07.600 align:start position:0% we made plaster casts of the teeth and we<00:13:04.550> actually<00:13:04.910> made<00:13:05.540> a<00:13:05.570> fiberglass<00:13:06.560> cast<00:13:07.100> of 00:13:07.600 --> 00:13:07.610 align:start position:0% we actually made a fiberglass cast of 00:13:07.610 --> 00:13:10.690 align:start position:0% we actually made a fiberglass cast of the<00:13:08.180> top<00:13:08.450> of<00:13:08.660> the<00:13:08.810> skull<00:13:09.140> and<00:13:09.500> the<00:13:09.650> tusks<00:13:10.310> from 00:13:10.690 --> 00:13:10.700 align:start position:0% the top of the skull and the tusks from 00:13:10.700 --> 00:13:13.690 align:start position:0% the top of the skull and the tusks from a<00:13:10.820> specimen<00:13:11.510> at<00:13:11.660> another<00:13:11.960> Museum<00:13:12.589> and<00:13:13.190> that's 00:13:13.690 --> 00:13:13.700 align:start position:0% a specimen at another Museum and that's 00:13:13.700 --> 00:13:16.810 align:start position:0% a specimen at another Museum and that's all<00:13:13.970> in<00:13:14.150> storage<00:13:15.100> originally<00:13:16.100> we<00:13:16.279> had<00:13:16.310> this 00:13:16.810 --> 00:13:16.820 align:start position:0% all in storage originally we had this 00:13:16.820 --> 00:13:19.600 align:start position:0% all in storage originally we had this hope<00:13:17.300> of<00:13:17.630> being<00:13:17.930> able<00:13:18.230> to<00:13:18.470> mount<00:13:18.890> the<00:13:19.310> whole 00:13:19.600 --> 00:13:19.610 align:start position:0% hope of being able to mount the whole 00:13:19.610 --> 00:13:22.260 align:start position:0% hope of being able to mount the whole skeleton<00:13:20.420> but<00:13:21.020> that<00:13:21.080> would<00:13:21.560> have<00:13:21.589> required 00:13:22.260 --> 00:13:22.270 align:start position:0% skeleton but that would have required 00:13:22.270 --> 00:13:26.260 align:start position:0% skeleton but that would have required metalwork<00:13:23.270> and<00:13:23.600> welding<00:13:24.580> money<00:13:25.580> a<00:13:25.730> lot<00:13:26.210> of 00:13:26.260 --> 00:13:26.270 align:start position:0% metalwork and welding money a lot of 00:13:26.270 --> 00:13:28.290 align:start position:0% metalwork and welding money a lot of money<00:13:26.420> so<00:13:27.020> that<00:13:27.170> wasn't<00:13:27.440> really<00:13:27.680> impossible 00:13:28.290 --> 00:13:28.300 align:start position:0% money so that wasn't really impossible 00:13:28.300 --> 00:13:31.930 align:start position:0% money so that wasn't really impossible so<00:13:29.300> my<00:13:29.540> students<00:13:30.260> base<00:13:30.530> it<00:13:30.800> my<00:13:31.370> student 00:13:31.930 --> 00:13:31.940 align:start position:0% so my students base it my student 00:13:31.940 --> 00:13:34.360 align:start position:0% so my students base it my student basically<00:13:32.570> took<00:13:32.900> it<00:13:32.960> upon<00:13:33.410> herself<00:13:33.620> she<00:13:34.160> said 00:13:34.360 --> 00:13:34.370 align:start position:0% basically took it upon herself she said 00:13:34.370 --> 00:13:37.630 align:start position:0% basically took it upon herself she said before<00:13:34.760> I<00:13:34.790> graduate<00:13:35.540> I<00:13:35.780> want<00:13:36.410> something<00:13:37.250> to<00:13:37.460> be 00:13:37.630 --> 00:13:37.640 align:start position:0% before I graduate I want something to be 00:13:37.640 --> 00:13:40.210 align:start position:0% before I graduate I want something to be on<00:13:37.820> public<00:13:38.300> exhibit<00:13:38.870> and<00:13:39.350> so<00:13:39.620> this<00:13:39.830> was<00:13:40.070> her 00:13:40.210 --> 00:13:40.220 align:start position:0% on public exhibit and so this was her 00:13:40.220 --> 00:13:42.570 align:start position:0% on public exhibit and so this was her senior<00:13:40.640> project<00:13:41.240> and<00:13:41.390> as<00:13:41.570> I<00:13:41.720> said<00:13:41.780> she<00:13:42.200> did<00:13:42.380> a 00:13:42.570 --> 00:13:42.580 align:start position:0% senior project and as I said she did a 00:13:42.580 --> 00:13:45.850 align:start position:0% senior project and as I said she did a regression<00:13:43.660> from<00:13:44.660> the<00:13:44.839> length<00:13:45.110> of<00:13:45.440> the<00:13:45.560> hind 00:13:45.850 --> 00:13:45.860 align:start position:0% regression from the length of the hind 00:13:45.860 --> 00:13:48.310 align:start position:0% regression from the length of the hind limb<00:13:46.190> to<00:13:46.790> the<00:13:46.910> size<00:13:47.210> of<00:13:47.450> the<00:13:47.630> animal<00:13:48.020> and 00:13:48.310 --> 00:13:48.320 align:start position:0% limb to the size of the animal and 00:13:48.320 --> 00:13:50.079 align:start position:0% limb to the size of the animal and concluded<00:13:48.980> that<00:13:49.100> we<00:13:49.280> were<00:13:49.430> dealing<00:13:49.670> with<00:13:49.820> it 00:13:50.079 --> 00:13:50.089 align:start position:0% concluded that we were dealing with it 00:13:50.089 --> 00:13:52.240 align:start position:0% concluded that we were dealing with it with<00:13:50.210> a<00:13:50.270> very<00:13:50.540> big<00:13:50.839> animal<00:13:51.050> indeed<00:13:51.620> this<00:13:52.010> is 00:13:52.240 --> 00:13:52.250 align:start position:0% with a very big animal indeed this is 00:13:52.250 --> 00:13:56.530 align:start position:0% with a very big animal indeed this is this<00:13:52.400> is<00:13:52.640> the<00:13:52.790> other<00:13:52.820> femur<00:13:53.450> yeah<00:13:55.300> you<00:13:56.300> can 00:13:56.530 --> 00:13:56.540 align:start position:0% this is the other femur yeah you can 00:13:56.540 --> 00:13:58.840 align:start position:0% this is the other femur yeah you can tell<00:13:56.780> this<00:13:57.050> is<00:13:57.110> the<00:13:57.440> head<00:13:57.680> of<00:13:57.710> the<00:13:57.980> femur<00:13:58.220> that 00:13:58.840 --> 00:13:58.850 align:start position:0% tell this is the head of the femur that 00:13:58.850 --> 00:14:02.590 align:start position:0% tell this is the head of the femur that would<00:13:59.089> go<00:13:59.270> in<00:13:59.450> the<00:13:59.600> hip<00:13:59.839> socket<00:14:01.450> actually<00:14:02.450> my 00:14:02.590 --> 00:14:02.600 align:start position:0% would go in the hip socket actually my 00:14:02.600 --> 00:14:05.140 align:start position:0% would go in the hip socket actually my student<00:14:03.080> in<00:14:03.440> her<00:14:03.770> travels<00:14:04.070> found<00:14:04.610> out<00:14:04.850> that 00:14:05.140 --> 00:14:05.150 align:start position:0% student in her travels found out that 00:14:05.150 --> 00:14:07.900 align:start position:0% student in her travels found out that some<00:14:05.570> College<00:14:06.470> Museum<00:14:07.010> I<00:14:07.339> don't<00:14:07.580> remember 00:14:07.900 --> 00:14:07.910 align:start position:0% some College Museum I don't remember 00:14:07.910 --> 00:14:10.900 align:start position:0% some College Museum I don't remember which<00:14:08.330> one<00:14:08.780> had<00:14:09.500> the<00:14:09.530> femurs<00:14:10.130> reversed<00:14:10.610> they 00:14:10.900 --> 00:14:10.910 align:start position:0% which one had the femurs reversed they 00:14:10.910 --> 00:14:12.610 align:start position:0% which one had the femurs reversed they had<00:14:11.060> the<00:14:11.209> right<00:14:11.420> figure<00:14:11.900> of<00:14:12.050> the<00:14:12.170> work<00:14:12.350> the 00:14:12.610 --> 00:14:12.620 align:start position:0% had the right figure of the work the 00:14:12.620 --> 00:14:15.390 align:start position:0% had the right figure of the work the left<00:14:12.830> and<00:14:13.100> vice<00:14:13.280> versa<00:14:13.670> if<00:14:14.120> you<00:14:14.360> look<00:14:14.600> at<00:14:14.779> this 00:14:15.390 --> 00:14:15.400 align:start position:0% left and vice versa if you look at this 00:14:15.400 --> 00:14:18.150 align:start position:0% left and vice versa if you look at this this<00:14:15.790> poster<00:14:16.390> for<00:14:16.420> example<00:14:17.110> is<00:14:17.500> if<00:14:17.710> some<00:14:18.010> of 00:14:18.150 --> 00:14:18.160 align:start position:0% this poster for example is if some of 00:14:18.160 --> 00:14:20.600 align:start position:0% this poster for example is if some of these<00:14:18.310> animals<00:14:18.910> go<00:14:19.180> extinct<00:14:19.810> all<00:14:19.960> together 00:14:20.600 --> 00:14:20.610 align:start position:0% these animals go extinct all together 00:14:20.610 --> 00:14:23.670 align:start position:0% these animals go extinct all together some<00:14:21.610> are<00:14:21.850> still<00:14:22.180> found<00:14:22.510> in<00:14:22.900> other<00:14:23.050> parts<00:14:23.529> of 00:14:23.670 --> 00:14:23.680 align:start position:0% some are still found in other parts of 00:14:23.680 --> 00:14:26.550 align:start position:0% some are still found in other parts of the<00:14:23.740> world<00:14:24.180> so<00:14:25.180> for<00:14:25.420> example<00:14:26.020> if<00:14:26.200> you<00:14:26.380> look 00:14:26.550 --> 00:14:26.560 align:start position:0% the world so for example if you look 00:14:26.560 --> 00:14:33.810 align:start position:0% the world so for example if you look let's<00:14:27.520> see<00:14:27.820> black<00:14:28.150> bears<00:14:28.540> we<00:14:28.960> still<00:14:29.290> have<00:14:32.820> but 00:14:33.810 --> 00:14:33.820 align:start position:0% let's see black bears we still have but 00:14:33.820 --> 00:14:37.470 align:start position:0% let's see black bears we still have but armadillos<00:14:34.630> we<00:14:34.870> still<00:14:35.170> have<00:14:35.850> musk<00:14:36.850> ox<00:14:37.210> we 00:14:37.470 --> 00:14:37.480 align:start position:0% armadillos we still have musk ox we 00:14:37.480 --> 00:14:41.880 align:start position:0% armadillos we still have musk ox we still<00:14:37.750> have<00:14:38.790> there<00:14:39.790> are<00:14:39.940> smaller<00:14:40.440> Jaguars<00:14:41.440> for 00:14:41.880 --> 00:14:41.890 align:start position:0% still have there are smaller Jaguars for 00:14:41.890 --> 00:14:46.200 align:start position:0% still have there are smaller Jaguars for Mexico<00:14:42.720> southwards<00:14:44.400> Pleistocene<00:14:45.400> horses<00:14:46.060> are 00:14:46.200 --> 00:14:46.210 align:start position:0% Mexico southwards Pleistocene horses are 00:14:46.210 --> 00:14:50.490 align:start position:0% Mexico southwards Pleistocene horses are only<00:14:46.390> found<00:14:46.779> in<00:14:47.080> Eastern<00:14:48.070> Europe<00:14:48.779> tapirs<00:14:49.779> now 00:14:50.490 --> 00:14:50.500 align:start position:0% only found in Eastern Europe tapirs now 00:14:50.500 --> 00:14:53.310 align:start position:0% only found in Eastern Europe tapirs now are<00:14:51.190> found<00:14:51.670> in<00:14:51.940> Southeast<00:14:52.450> Asia<00:14:52.720> and<00:14:53.050> South 00:14:53.310 --> 00:14:53.320 align:start position:0% are found in Southeast Asia and South 00:14:53.320 --> 00:14:55.160 align:start position:0% are found in Southeast Asia and South America 00:14:55.160 --> 00:14:55.170 align:start position:0% America 00:14:55.170 --> 00:15:00.030 align:start position:0% America caribou<00:14:56.170> of<00:14:56.320> course<00:14:56.620> we<00:14:56.980> still<00:14:57.250> have<00:14:57.960> in<00:14:59.040> some 00:15:00.030 --> 00:15:00.040 align:start position:0% caribou of course we still have in some 00:15:00.040 --> 00:15:01.920 align:start position:0% caribou of course we still have in some by<00:15:00.310> Sun<00:15:00.700> even<00:15:00.970> though<00:15:01.029> now<00:15:01.300> they're<00:15:01.540> smaller 00:15:01.920 --> 00:15:01.930 align:start position:0% by Sun even though now they're smaller 00:15:01.930 --> 00:15:05.610 align:start position:0% by Sun even though now they're smaller land<00:15:02.800> tortoises<00:15:03.580> goodI<00:15:04.089> big<00:15:04.480> land<00:15:04.839> tortoises 00:15:05.610 --> 00:15:05.620 align:start position:0% land tortoises goodI big land tortoises 00:15:05.620 --> 00:15:09.390 align:start position:0% land tortoises goodI big land tortoises are<00:15:06.400> found<00:15:06.790> in<00:15:06.970> the<00:15:07.120> Galapagus<00:15:07.900> and<00:15:08.230> in<00:15:08.800> africa 00:15:09.390 --> 00:15:09.400 align:start position:0% are found in the Galapagus and in africa 00:15:09.400 --> 00:15:13.260 align:start position:0% are found in the Galapagus and in africa so<00:15:09.610> it's<00:15:10.120> very<00:15:10.300> interesting<00:15:11.760> what<00:15:12.760> puzzles<00:15:13.210> me 00:15:13.260 --> 00:15:13.270 align:start position:0% so it's very interesting what puzzles me 00:15:13.270 --> 00:15:17.790 align:start position:0% so it's very interesting what puzzles me is<00:15:13.810> that<00:15:14.710> some<00:15:14.950> of<00:15:14.980> these<00:15:15.250> animals<00:15:16.350> survive<00:15:17.350> in 00:15:17.790 --> 00:15:17.800 align:start position:0% is that some of these animals survive in 00:15:17.800 --> 00:15:21.210 align:start position:0% is that some of these animals survive in the<00:15:18.010> warmer<00:15:18.610> parts<00:15:19.089> of<00:15:19.300> the<00:15:19.450> world<00:15:19.800> Jaguars<00:15:20.800> in 00:15:21.210 --> 00:15:21.220 align:start position:0% the warmer parts of the world Jaguars in 00:15:21.220 --> 00:15:25.230 align:start position:0% the warmer parts of the world Jaguars in tapirs<00:15:21.880> and<00:15:22.270> some<00:15:23.260> only<00:15:23.620> survive<00:15:24.279> in<00:15:24.670> colder 00:15:25.230 --> 00:15:25.240 align:start position:0% tapirs and some only survive in colder 00:15:25.240 --> 00:15:32.540 align:start position:0% tapirs and some only survive in colder parts<00:15:25.690> of<00:15:25.900> the<00:15:26.050> world<00:15:26.320> like<00:15:27.040> the<00:15:27.279> musk<00:15:27.520> ox<00:15:29.040> so 00:15:32.540 --> 00:15:32.550 align:start position:0% 00:15:32.550 --> 00:15:35.790 align:start position:0% nature<00:15:33.550> is<00:15:33.580> almost<00:15:34.060> always<00:15:34.330> more<00:15:34.800> complicated 00:15:35.790 --> 00:15:35.800 align:start position:0% nature is almost always more complicated 00:15:35.800 --> 00:15:39.449 align:start position:0% nature is almost always more complicated than<00:15:36.400> a<00:15:36.790> single<00:15:37.270> factor<00:15:37.779> explanation<00:15:38.650> and 00:15:39.449 --> 00:15:39.459 align:start position:0% than a single factor explanation and 00:15:39.459 --> 00:15:42.560 align:start position:0% than a single factor explanation and then<00:15:39.700> some<00:15:39.940> of<00:15:40.089> these<00:15:40.270> didn't<00:15:40.690> survive<00:15:41.050> at<00:15:41.320> all 00:15:42.560 --> 00:15:42.570 align:start position:0% then some of these didn't survive at all 00:15:42.570 --> 00:15:44.820 align:start position:0% then some of these didn't survive at all there's<00:15:43.570> a 00:15:44.820 --> 00:15:44.830 align:start position:0% there's a 00:15:44.830 --> 00:15:46.710 align:start position:0% there's a I<00:15:44.860> could<00:15:45.550> saw<00:15:45.730> the<00:15:45.790> interview<00:15:46.360> of<00:15:46.480> the<00:15:46.510> guy 00:15:46.710 --> 00:15:46.720 align:start position:0% I could saw the interview of the guy 00:15:46.720 --> 00:15:48.480 align:start position:0% I could saw the interview of the guy here<00:15:46.990> recently<00:15:47.230> he's<00:15:47.770> going<00:15:48.010> to<00:15:48.070> go<00:15:48.190> look<00:15:48.459> for 00:15:48.480 --> 00:15:48.490 align:start position:0% here recently he's going to go look for 00:15:48.490 --> 00:15:53.880 align:start position:0% here recently he's going to go look for a<00:15:49.920> tasmanian<00:15:50.920> tiger<00:15:51.040> over<00:15:51.790> him<00:15:52.560> he<00:15:53.560> said<00:15:53.800> he 00:15:53.880 --> 00:15:53.890 align:start position:0% a tasmanian tiger over him he said he 00:15:53.890 --> 00:15:57.000 align:start position:0% a tasmanian tiger over him he said he just<00:15:54.279> got<00:15:54.790> to<00:15:54.970> go<00:15:55.089> over<00:15:55.120> to<00:15:55.770> tackle<00:15:56.770> a<00:15:56.830> New 00:15:57.000 --> 00:15:57.010 align:start position:0% just got to go over to tackle a New 00:15:57.010 --> 00:15:57.510 align:start position:0% just got to go over to tackle a New Guinea 00:15:57.510 --> 00:15:57.520 align:start position:0% Guinea 00:15:57.520 --> 00:16:00.930 align:start position:0% Guinea hmm<00:15:58.120> he's<00:15:58.870> heard<00:15:59.080> reports<00:15:59.529> yeah<00:16:00.220> I've<00:16:00.670> heard 00:16:00.930 --> 00:16:00.940 align:start position:0% hmm he's heard reports yeah I've heard 00:16:00.940 --> 00:16:02.699 align:start position:0% hmm he's heard reports yeah I've heard about<00:16:01.149> those<00:16:01.630> two<00:16:01.959> that<00:16:02.140> that<00:16:02.200> would<00:16:02.560> be 00:16:02.699 --> 00:16:02.709 align:start position:0% about those two that that would be 00:16:02.709 --> 00:16:07.380 align:start position:0% about those two that that would be really<00:16:03.279> Twiggy<00:16:03.850> I<00:16:04.690> mean<00:16:05.880> people<00:16:06.880> keep<00:16:07.060> saying 00:16:07.380 --> 00:16:07.390 align:start position:0% really Twiggy I mean people keep saying 00:16:07.390 --> 00:16:09.389 align:start position:0% really Twiggy I mean people keep saying that<00:16:07.600> they<00:16:07.810> I've<00:16:08.050> saw<00:16:08.290> one<00:16:08.529> late<00:16:08.770> at<00:16:08.920> night<00:16:09.130> you 00:16:09.389 --> 00:16:09.399 align:start position:0% that they I've saw one late at night you 00:16:09.399 --> 00:16:11.579 align:start position:0% that they I've saw one late at night you know<00:16:09.520> I<00:16:09.550> didn't<00:16:09.910> have<00:16:09.940> my<00:16:10.180> camera<00:16:10.360> with<00:16:10.810> me 00:16:11.579 --> 00:16:11.589 align:start position:0% know I didn't have my camera with me 00:16:11.589 --> 00:16:13.920 align:start position:0% know I didn't have my camera with me but<00:16:11.920> but<00:16:12.610> on<00:16:12.730> the<00:16:12.880> other<00:16:13.000> hand<00:16:13.420> if<00:16:13.600> you've<00:16:13.810> ever 00:16:13.920 --> 00:16:13.930 align:start position:0% but but on the other hand if you've ever 00:16:13.930 --> 00:16:17.190 align:start position:0% but but on the other hand if you've ever taken<00:16:14.350> pictures<00:16:15.160> of<00:16:15.399> wildlife<00:16:15.820> it's<00:16:16.690> harder 00:16:17.190 --> 00:16:17.200 align:start position:0% taken pictures of wildlife it's harder 00:16:17.200 --> 00:16:19.800 align:start position:0% taken pictures of wildlife it's harder than<00:16:17.380> it<00:16:17.529> seems<00:16:17.830> told<00:16:18.790> to<00:16:19.060> get<00:16:19.209> a<00:16:19.270> good<00:16:19.540> picture 00:16:19.800 --> 00:16:19.810 align:start position:0% than it seems told to get a good picture 00:16:19.810 --> 00:16:22.050 align:start position:0% than it seems told to get a good picture it's<00:16:20.110> it's<00:16:20.470> very<00:16:20.770> difficult<00:16:21.339> because<00:16:21.610> they're 00:16:22.050 --> 00:16:22.060 align:start position:0% it's it's very difficult because they're 00:16:22.060 --> 00:16:25.019 align:start position:0% it's it's very difficult because they're there<00:16:22.680> they're<00:16:23.680> not<00:16:23.860> cooperative<00:16:24.520> as<00:16:24.670> far<00:16:24.910> as 00:16:25.019 --> 00:16:25.029 align:start position:0% there they're not cooperative as far as 00:16:25.029 --> 00:16:27.480 align:start position:0% there they're not cooperative as far as models<00:16:25.480> and<00:16:25.720> a<00:16:26.440> lot<00:16:26.680> of<00:16:26.709> mammals<00:16:27.310> are 00:16:27.480 --> 00:16:27.490 align:start position:0% models and a lot of mammals are 00:16:27.490 --> 00:16:30.740 align:start position:0% models and a lot of mammals are nocturnal<00:16:27.940> they're<00:16:28.450> naturally<00:16:29.200> reclusive 00:16:30.740 --> 00:16:30.750 align:start position:0% nocturnal they're naturally reclusive 00:16:30.750 --> 00:16:33.480 align:start position:0% nocturnal they're naturally reclusive and<00:16:31.750> so<00:16:32.050> as<00:16:32.529> I<00:16:32.709> should<00:16:32.920> say<00:16:33.100> they're<00:16:33.310> loose 00:16:33.480 --> 00:16:33.490 align:start position:0% and so as I should say they're loose 00:16:33.490 --> 00:16:35.760 align:start position:0% and so as I should say they're loose another<00:16:33.970> inclusive<00:16:34.570> and<00:16:35.050> so<00:16:35.350> yeah<00:16:35.500> it's<00:16:35.709> not 00:16:35.760 --> 00:16:35.770 align:start position:0% another inclusive and so yeah it's not 00:16:35.770 --> 00:16:37.770 align:start position:0% another inclusive and so yeah it's not that<00:16:36.130> simple 00:16:37.770 --> 00:16:37.780 align:start position:0% that simple 00:16:37.780 --> 00:16:42.160 align:start position:0% that simple [Music] 00:16:42.160 --> 00:16:42.170 align:start position:0% [Music] 00:16:42.170 --> 00:16:44.470 align:start position:0% [Music] the<00:16:42.740> largest<00:16:43.100> mammal<00:16:43.460> carnivore<00:16:44.030> that<00:16:44.060> lived 00:16:44.470 --> 00:16:44.480 align:start position:0% the largest mammal carnivore that lived 00:16:44.480 --> 00:16:46.300 align:start position:0% the largest mammal carnivore that lived in<00:16:44.600> Anderson<00:16:45.050> was<00:16:45.200> the<00:16:45.350> giant<00:16:45.740> short-faced 00:16:46.300 --> 00:16:46.310 align:start position:0% in Anderson was the giant short-faced 00:16:46.310 --> 00:16:50.230 align:start position:0% in Anderson was the giant short-faced bear 00:16:50.230 --> 00:16:50.240 align:start position:0% 00:16:50.240 --> 00:16:54.069 align:start position:0% this<00:16:51.170> species<00:16:51.470> weighed<00:16:52.429> one<00:16:52.790> ton<00:16:53.179> and<00:16:53.540> stood 00:16:54.069 --> 00:16:54.079 align:start position:0% this species weighed one ton and stood 00:16:54.079 --> 00:16:59.650 align:start position:0% this species weighed one ton and stood six<00:16:54.439> feet<00:16:54.679> tall<00:16:55.009> at<00:16:55.249> the<00:16:55.279> shoulder<00:16:58.420> the<00:16:59.420> bear 00:16:59.650 --> 00:16:59.660 align:start position:0% six feet tall at the shoulder the bear 00:16:59.660 --> 00:17:01.929 align:start position:0% six feet tall at the shoulder the bear could<00:16:59.839> run<00:17:00.050> 30<00:17:00.470> to<00:17:00.619> 40<00:17:00.949> miles<00:17:01.129> an<00:17:01.369> hour<00:17:01.490> but<00:17:01.790> its 00:17:01.929 --> 00:17:01.939 align:start position:0% could run 30 to 40 miles an hour but its 00:17:01.939 --> 00:17:03.879 align:start position:0% could run 30 to 40 miles an hour but its body<00:17:02.179> shape<00:17:02.360> suggests<00:17:03.230> that<00:17:03.379> it<00:17:03.499> was<00:17:03.529> built 00:17:03.879 --> 00:17:03.889 align:start position:0% body shape suggests that it was built 00:17:03.889 --> 00:17:06.760 align:start position:0% body shape suggests that it was built for<00:17:04.130> endurance<00:17:04.669> rather<00:17:05.029> than<00:17:05.299> speed<00:17:05.809> making 00:17:06.760 --> 00:17:06.770 align:start position:0% for endurance rather than speed making 00:17:06.770 --> 00:17:09.429 align:start position:0% for endurance rather than speed making it<00:17:07.010> difficult<00:17:07.220> to<00:17:07.549> capture<00:17:07.789> agile<00:17:08.569> prey 00:17:09.429 --> 00:17:09.439 align:start position:0% it difficult to capture agile prey 00:17:09.439 --> 00:17:11.649 align:start position:0% it difficult to capture agile prey perhaps<00:17:10.309> the<00:17:10.520> short-faced<00:17:10.970> bear<00:17:11.000> was<00:17:11.539> an 00:17:11.649 --> 00:17:11.659 align:start position:0% perhaps the short-faced bear was an 00:17:11.659 --> 00:17:14.620 align:start position:0% perhaps the short-faced bear was an opportunistic<00:17:12.279> omnivore<00:17:13.279> that<00:17:13.789> stole<00:17:14.240> prey 00:17:14.620 --> 00:17:14.630 align:start position:0% opportunistic omnivore that stole prey 00:17:14.630 --> 00:17:22.350 align:start position:0% opportunistic omnivore that stole prey brought<00:17:15.140> down<00:17:15.439> by<00:17:15.740> smaller<00:17:16.279> predators 00:17:22.350 --> 00:17:22.360 align:start position:0% 00:17:22.360 --> 00:17:24.750 align:start position:0% the<00:17:23.110> giant<00:17:23.500> beaver<00:17:23.709> that<00:17:23.919> lived<00:17:24.159> in<00:17:24.309> Anderson 00:17:24.750 --> 00:17:24.760 align:start position:0% the giant beaver that lived in Anderson 00:17:24.760 --> 00:17:26.460 align:start position:0% the giant beaver that lived in Anderson was<00:17:24.939> up<00:17:25.059> to<00:17:25.209> seven<00:17:25.539> feet<00:17:25.689> long<00:17:26.019> and<00:17:26.260> could 00:17:26.460 --> 00:17:26.470 align:start position:0% was up to seven feet long and could 00:17:26.470 --> 00:17:30.480 align:start position:0% was up to seven feet long and could weigh<00:17:26.620> up<00:17:26.769> to<00:17:27.240> 276<00:17:28.240> pounds<00:17:28.980> his<00:17:29.980> tail<00:17:30.279> was 00:17:30.480 --> 00:17:30.490 align:start position:0% weigh up to 276 pounds his tail was 00:17:30.490 --> 00:17:32.490 align:start position:0% weigh up to 276 pounds his tail was longer<00:17:30.789> and<00:17:30.970> narrower<00:17:31.330> than<00:17:31.779> modern<00:17:32.260> beaver 00:17:32.490 --> 00:17:32.500 align:start position:0% longer and narrower than modern beaver 00:17:32.500 --> 00:17:34.860 align:start position:0% longer and narrower than modern beaver and<00:17:32.980> its<00:17:33.460> skull<00:17:33.730> demonstrates<00:17:34.419> that<00:17:34.659> it<00:17:34.750> could 00:17:34.860 --> 00:17:34.870 align:start position:0% and its skull demonstrates that it could 00:17:34.870 --> 00:17:37.680 align:start position:0% and its skull demonstrates that it could take<00:17:35.110> in<00:17:35.320> large<00:17:35.649> amounts<00:17:36.100> of<00:17:36.190> oxygen<00:17:36.690> allowing 00:17:37.680 --> 00:17:37.690 align:start position:0% take in large amounts of oxygen allowing 00:17:37.690 --> 00:17:39.480 align:start position:0% take in large amounts of oxygen allowing it<00:17:37.809> to<00:17:37.840> remain<00:17:38.080> underwater<00:17:38.620> for<00:17:39.100> lengthy 00:17:39.480 --> 00:17:39.490 align:start position:0% it to remain underwater for lengthy 00:17:39.490 --> 00:17:42.120 align:start position:0% it to remain underwater for lengthy periods<00:17:39.940> of<00:17:40.090> time<00:17:40.330> the<00:17:41.200> giant<00:17:41.559> beavers<00:17:41.890> most 00:17:42.120 --> 00:17:42.130 align:start position:0% periods of time the giant beavers most 00:17:42.130 --> 00:17:44.840 align:start position:0% periods of time the giant beavers most prominent<00:17:42.669> feature<00:17:42.850> was<00:17:43.179> its<00:17:43.330> large<00:17:43.630> incisors 00:17:44.840 --> 00:17:44.850 align:start position:0% prominent feature was its large incisors 00:17:44.850 --> 00:17:47.600 align:start position:0% prominent feature was its large incisors averaging<00:17:45.850> six<00:17:46.149> inches<00:17:46.510> in<00:17:46.690> length 00:17:47.600 --> 00:17:47.610 align:start position:0% averaging six inches in length 00:17:47.610 --> 00:17:50.490 align:start position:0% averaging six inches in length ironically<00:17:48.610> the<00:17:49.210> giant<00:17:49.600> beavers<00:17:49.960> front<00:17:50.260> teeth 00:17:50.490 --> 00:17:50.500 align:start position:0% ironically the giant beavers front teeth 00:17:50.500 --> 00:17:52.860 align:start position:0% ironically the giant beavers front teeth were<00:17:50.769> too<00:17:50.950> fragile<00:17:51.250> to<00:17:51.700> cut<00:17:51.880> wood<00:17:52.090> like<00:17:52.690> the 00:17:52.860 --> 00:17:52.870 align:start position:0% were too fragile to cut wood like the 00:17:52.870 --> 00:17:56.039 align:start position:0% were too fragile to cut wood like the modern<00:17:53.200> beaver<00:17:53.940> it<00:17:54.940> lived<00:17:55.269> on<00:17:55.450> a<00:17:55.480> diet<00:17:55.750> of 00:17:56.039 --> 00:17:56.049 align:start position:0% modern beaver it lived on a diet of 00:17:56.049 --> 00:17:58.230 align:start position:0% modern beaver it lived on a diet of aquatic<00:17:56.529> plants<00:17:56.559> and<00:17:57.159> and<00:17:57.429> it<00:17:57.549> is<00:17:57.669> theorized 00:17:58.230 --> 00:17:58.240 align:start position:0% aquatic plants and and it is theorized 00:17:58.240 --> 00:18:00.690 align:start position:0% aquatic plants and and it is theorized that<00:17:58.419> changes<00:17:58.990> in<00:17:59.139> the<00:17:59.230> ecosystem<00:17:59.549> may<00:18:00.549> have 00:18:00.690 --> 00:18:00.700 align:start position:0% that changes in the ecosystem may have 00:18:00.700 --> 00:18:10.379 align:start position:0% that changes in the ecosystem may have contributed<00:18:01.210> to<00:18:01.510> its<00:18:01.899> extinction<00:18:09.000> or<00:18:10.000> often 00:18:10.379 --> 00:18:10.389 align:start position:0% contributed to its extinction or often 00:18:10.389 --> 00:18:12.769 align:start position:0% contributed to its extinction or often referred<00:18:10.779> to<00:18:11.019> as<00:18:11.230> the<00:18:11.409> saber-tooth<00:18:11.980> tiger 00:18:12.769 --> 00:18:12.779 align:start position:0% referred to as the saber-tooth tiger 00:18:12.779 --> 00:18:15.659 align:start position:0% referred to as the saber-tooth tiger Smilodon<00:18:13.779> was<00:18:14.230> a<00:18:14.260> large<00:18:14.559> cat<00:18:14.889> known<00:18:15.190> for<00:18:15.549> its 00:18:15.659 --> 00:18:15.669 align:start position:0% Smilodon was a large cat known for its 00:18:15.669 --> 00:18:18.419 align:start position:0% Smilodon was a large cat known for its long<00:18:15.970> canine<00:18:16.750> teeth<00:18:17.169> up<00:18:17.500> to<00:18:17.980> seven<00:18:18.279> inches 00:18:18.419 --> 00:18:18.429 align:start position:0% long canine teeth up to seven inches 00:18:18.429 --> 00:18:21.539 align:start position:0% long canine teeth up to seven inches long<00:18:19.440> while<00:18:20.440> the<00:18:20.470> teeth<00:18:20.830> are<00:18:21.039> ferocious 00:18:21.539 --> 00:18:21.549 align:start position:0% long while the teeth are ferocious 00:18:21.549 --> 00:18:24.000 align:start position:0% long while the teeth are ferocious looking<00:18:21.909> they<00:18:22.510> were<00:18:22.570> fragile<00:18:22.960> and<00:18:23.559> would<00:18:23.889> have 00:18:24.000 --> 00:18:24.010 align:start position:0% looking they were fragile and would have 00:18:24.010 --> 00:18:25.740 align:start position:0% looking they were fragile and would have broken<00:18:24.309> if<00:18:24.580> the<00:18:24.730> cat<00:18:24.940> had<00:18:25.120> bitten<00:18:25.389> and 00:18:25.740 --> 00:18:25.750 align:start position:0% broken if the cat had bitten and 00:18:25.750 --> 00:18:28.340 align:start position:0% broken if the cat had bitten and contacted<00:18:26.500> bone 00:18:28.340 --> 00:18:28.350 align:start position:0% contacted bone 00:18:28.350 --> 00:18:31.500 align:start position:0% contacted bone Smilodon<00:18:29.350> was<00:18:29.860> extremely<00:18:30.700> muscular<00:18:31.000> and 00:18:31.500 --> 00:18:31.510 align:start position:0% Smilodon was extremely muscular and 00:18:31.510 --> 00:18:34.049 align:start position:0% Smilodon was extremely muscular and could<00:18:31.720> weigh<00:18:31.870> up<00:18:32.049> to<00:18:32.220> 620<00:18:33.220> pounds 00:18:34.049 --> 00:18:34.059 align:start position:0% could weigh up to 620 pounds 00:18:34.059 --> 00:18:36.389 align:start position:0% could weigh up to 620 pounds it<00:18:34.929> stood<00:18:35.320> thirty-nine<00:18:35.830> inches<00:18:36.070> at<00:18:36.370> the 00:18:36.389 --> 00:18:36.399 align:start position:0% it stood thirty-nine inches at the 00:18:36.399 --> 00:18:38.580 align:start position:0% it stood thirty-nine inches at the shoulder<00:18:36.929> it<00:18:37.929> is<00:18:37.990> thought 00:18:38.580 --> 00:18:38.590 align:start position:0% shoulder it is thought 00:18:38.590 --> 00:18:40.860 align:start position:0% shoulder it is thought Smilodon<00:18:39.070> was<00:18:39.549> an<00:18:39.700> ambush<00:18:40.059> predator<00:18:40.120> that 00:18:40.860 --> 00:18:40.870 align:start position:0% Smilodon was an ambush predator that 00:18:40.870 --> 00:18:43.549 align:start position:0% Smilodon was an ambush predator that left<00:18:41.139> from<00:18:41.470> cover<00:18:41.740> to<00:18:41.830> capture<00:18:42.429> its<00:18:42.580> prey 00:18:43.549 --> 00:18:43.559 align:start position:0% left from cover to capture its prey 00:18:43.559 --> 00:18:45.870 align:start position:0% left from cover to capture its prey Smilodon<00:18:44.559> held<00:18:44.950> its<00:18:45.100> target<00:18:45.490> with<00:18:45.700> its 00:18:45.870 --> 00:18:45.880 align:start position:0% Smilodon held its target with its 00:18:45.880 --> 00:18:48.180 align:start position:0% Smilodon held its target with its powerful<00:18:46.210> forearms<00:18:46.899> and<00:18:47.110> delivered<00:18:47.889> the<00:18:47.980> kill 00:18:48.180 --> 00:18:48.190 align:start position:0% powerful forearms and delivered the kill 00:18:48.190 --> 00:18:51.000 align:start position:0% powerful forearms and delivered the kill with<00:18:48.399> a<00:18:48.429> slashing<00:18:48.820> motion<00:18:49.059> of<00:18:49.659> the<00:18:50.200> canines 00:18:51.000 --> 00:18:51.010 align:start position:0% with a slashing motion of the canines 00:18:51.010 --> 00:18:53.460 align:start position:0% with a slashing motion of the canines unlike<00:18:51.700> the<00:18:51.880> suffocation<00:18:52.419> bite<00:18:52.809> cats<00:18:53.139> used 00:18:53.460 --> 00:18:53.470 align:start position:0% unlike the suffocation bite cats used 00:18:53.470 --> 00:19:00.790 align:start position:0% unlike the suffocation bite cats used today 00:19:00.790 --> 00:19:00.800 align:start position:0% 00:19:00.800 --> 00:19:03.530 align:start position:0% other<00:19:01.800> megafauna<00:19:02.520> that<00:19:02.760> lived<00:19:02.970> in<00:19:03.120> Anderson 00:19:03.530 --> 00:19:03.540 align:start position:0% other megafauna that lived in Anderson 00:19:03.540 --> 00:19:05.330 align:start position:0% other megafauna that lived in Anderson at<00:19:03.660> the<00:19:03.780> time<00:19:04.020> were<00:19:04.290> composed<00:19:04.740> of<00:19:04.950> a<00:19:05.070> wide 00:19:05.330 --> 00:19:05.340 align:start position:0% at the time were composed of a wide 00:19:05.340 --> 00:19:08.560 align:start position:0% at the time were composed of a wide variety<00:19:06.000> of<00:19:06.030> animals 00:19:08.560 --> 00:19:08.570 align:start position:0% 00:19:08.570 --> 00:19:10.880 align:start position:0% jefferson's<00:19:09.570> ground<00:19:09.930> sloths<00:19:10.320> standing 00:19:10.880 --> 00:19:10.890 align:start position:0% jefferson's ground sloths standing 00:19:10.890 --> 00:19:14.130 align:start position:0% jefferson's ground sloths standing nearly<00:19:11.310> ten<00:19:11.610> feet<00:19:11.940> tall 00:19:14.130 --> 00:19:14.140 align:start position:0% nearly ten feet tall 00:19:14.140 --> 00:19:16.900 align:start position:0% nearly ten feet tall direwolf<00:19:15.140> the<00:19:15.650> large<00:19:15.890> ancestor<00:19:16.670> of<00:19:16.700> the 00:19:16.900 --> 00:19:16.910 align:start position:0% direwolf the large ancestor of the 00:19:16.910 --> 00:19:19.120 align:start position:0% direwolf the large ancestor of the modern<00:19:17.270> wolf 00:19:19.120 --> 00:19:19.130 align:start position:0% modern wolf 00:19:19.130 --> 00:19:22.480 align:start position:0% modern wolf Camelot's<00:19:20.320> the<00:19:21.320> large<00:19:21.560> ancestor<00:19:22.250> of<00:19:22.280> the 00:19:22.480 --> 00:19:22.490 align:start position:0% Camelot's the large ancestor of the 00:19:22.490 --> 00:19:28.270 align:start position:0% Camelot's the large ancestor of the modern<00:19:22.850> camel<00:19:24.730> Harlan's<00:19:25.730> muskox<00:19:27.280> predecessor 00:19:28.270 --> 00:19:28.280 align:start position:0% modern camel Harlan's muskox predecessor 00:19:28.280 --> 00:19:32.680 align:start position:0% modern camel Harlan's muskox predecessor of<00:19:28.310> the<00:19:28.520> modern<00:19:28.550> muskox<00:19:30.850> the<00:19:31.850> massive<00:19:32.270> stag 00:19:32.680 --> 00:19:32.690 align:start position:0% of the modern muskox the massive stag 00:19:32.690 --> 00:19:35.590 align:start position:0% of the modern muskox the massive stag moose<00:19:33.050> whose<00:19:33.560> horns<00:19:34.010> were<00:19:34.220> nine<00:19:34.490> to<00:19:34.820> ten<00:19:35.150> feet 00:19:35.590 --> 00:19:35.600 align:start position:0% moose whose horns were nine to ten feet 00:19:35.600 --> 00:19:37.200 align:start position:0% moose whose horns were nine to ten feet wide 00:19:37.200 --> 00:19:37.210 align:start position:0% wide 00:19:37.210 --> 00:19:39.970 align:start position:0% wide finally<00:19:38.210> the<00:19:38.600> flat-headed<00:19:39.140> peccary<00:19:39.710> an 00:19:39.970 --> 00:19:39.980 align:start position:0% finally the flat-headed peccary an 00:19:39.980 --> 00:19:42.730 align:start position:0% finally the flat-headed peccary an ancient<00:19:40.760> wild<00:19:41.180> pig 00:19:42.730 --> 00:19:42.740 align:start position:0% ancient wild pig 00:19:42.740 --> 00:19:45.100 align:start position:0% ancient wild pig all<00:19:43.250> of<00:19:43.520> these<00:19:43.670> animals<00:19:44.150> lived<00:19:44.480> in<00:19:44.660> Anderson 00:19:45.100 --> 00:19:45.110 align:start position:0% all of these animals lived in Anderson 00:19:45.110 --> 00:19:49.090 align:start position:0% all of these animals lived in Anderson thousands<00:19:45.710> of<00:19:45.830> years<00:19:46.070> ago<00:19:47.500> slowly<00:19:48.500> they<00:19:48.860> died 00:19:49.090 --> 00:19:49.100 align:start position:0% thousands of years ago slowly they died 00:19:49.100 --> 00:19:51.970 align:start position:0% thousands of years ago slowly they died out<00:19:49.720> whether<00:19:50.720> from<00:19:50.929> changing<00:19:51.410> climate<00:19:51.860> or 00:19:51.970 --> 00:19:51.980 align:start position:0% out whether from changing climate or 00:19:51.980 --> 00:19:55.180 align:start position:0% out whether from changing climate or predation<00:19:53.200> but<00:19:54.200> a<00:19:54.260> new<00:19:54.590> creature<00:19:54.890> was 00:19:55.180 --> 00:19:55.190 align:start position:0% predation but a new creature was 00:19:55.190 --> 00:19:57.100 align:start position:0% predation but a new creature was wandering<00:19:55.610> into<00:19:55.850> the<00:19:56.030> ecosystem<00:19:56.750> that<00:19:56.780> would 00:19:57.100 --> 00:19:57.110 align:start position:0% wandering into the ecosystem that would 00:19:57.110 --> 00:20:01.240 align:start position:0% wandering into the ecosystem that would have<00:19:57.290> a<00:19:57.320> profound<00:19:57.620> effect<00:19:59.559> that<00:20:00.559> creature<00:20:00.890> was 00:20:01.240 --> 00:20:01.250 align:start position:0% have a profound effect that creature was 00:20:01.250 --> 00:20:02.490 align:start position:0% have a profound effect that creature was man 00:20:02.490 --> 00:20:02.500 align:start position:0% man 00:20:02.500 --> 00:20:30.649 align:start position:0% man [Music] 00:20:30.649 --> 00:20:30.659 align:start position:0% 00:20:30.659 --> 00:20:32.720 align:start position:0% you